Development of a quick screening staining test for detecting the oxidation potential of iron sulfide-bearing aggregates for use in concrete

Ramos, Violeta; Rodrigues, Andreia; Fournier, Benoît; Duchesne, Josée

doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.11.011

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These minerals are unstable upon exposure to oxygen and air. Furthermore, this type of attack is usually followed by the formation of secondary ettringite and thaumasite formation, materials which are considered responsible for the swelling and cracking of the concrete (Ramos, Rodrigues, Fournier, & Duchesne, 2016).…”

Section: Oxidation Of Sulphide-bearing Aggregatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, the solution penetrates the outer part of the sample cross-section and the ions continue to diffuse within the water-saturated cores of the samples. The Midgley test was modified in the work of Ramos et al (2016), as it was unable to detect the potential oxidation of the aggregate that was responsible for the severe deterioration in the concrete foundation in Trois-Rivières, Quebec. The modifications included using hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite solutions as oxidizing agents instead of the lime-water solution.…”

Section:  Metakaolin (Mk)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the steam test was adopted in ASTM specifications (C641) for iron-staining materials in lightweight concrete, it was unable to detect the potential oxidation of the aggregate that was responsible for the severe deterioration in the concrete foundation in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada (Ramos et al, 2016). This led to the subsequent development of two chemical tests based on the Midgley test and the steam test used in ASTM C641.…”

Section: Steam Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temperature test was developed by Ramos et al (2016) to overcome the issues identified in the Midgley test and ASTM 641 for evaluating sulphide-bearing aggregates. The temperature test involves soaking 10.0 g of aggregate crushed to < 150 μm in 100 mL of 6% bleach in a homemade calorimeter.…”

Section: Temperature Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing New and Optimizing Current Test Methods to Evaluate Sulphide-bearing Aggregate

El-Mosallamy¹

2022

Preprint

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This research focuses on testing the applicability on aggregates from Ontario of a testing protocol to evaluate the potential oxidation of sulphide-bearing aggregates, optimizing the protocol test methods, and develop new tests based on the obtained results. The protocol comprises of three sequential tests: Total sulphur content, Oxygen Consumption Test and Oxidation Mortar Bar Test. For the oxygen consumption test, using processing equipment with cast iron media, was found to contaminate the samples and produce high consumption. Moreover, controlling the tested aggregate gradation produces higher consumption and more consistent results than using a fine aggregate sample (<150µm) without controlling the minimum size. The oxidation consumption test showed lower expansion values for carbonate aggregates compared to aggregates with high silicate content. Exposing siliceous aggregate, whether alkali-silica reactive or not, to the high pH from the oxidizing solution and the high temperature produces high expansion regardless of the oxidizable sulphide content. As such, new expansion criteria are suggested which takes into consideration the silicate content of the aggregates. The dissertation proposes, based on testing twenty-six aggregates, modifications to: the oxygen consumption test; the expansion criteria of the mortar bar test; and proposes a new oxidation mortar bar test to avoid the limitation of the applicability of the original mortar bar test on siliceous aggregates. In the new testing program, different testing regimes were investigated using different oxidizing agents and environmental conditions that can promote oxidation of sulphide-bearing aggregates, without the promotion of other chemical reactions (Alkali silica reaction products or Friedel’s’ salt). Out of the various investigated tested regimes, two testing procedures showed promising results and recommended for further development and use. Bleach and lime water are used in these tests as the oxidizing agents; however, mortar bars in both regimes are stored at lower temperature compared to that of the original test in the protocol. Based on the expansion results, new expansion criteria are suggested that can detect if the aggregate contains oxidizable sulphides.

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Section: Oxidation Of Sulphide-bearing Aggregatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section:  Metakaolin (Mk)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Steam Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Temperature Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing New and Optimizing Current Test Methods to Evaluate Sulphide-bearing Aggregate

El-Mosallamy¹

2022

Preprint

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“…Other rapid tests are available for the evaluation of the oxidative potential of aggregates. Ramos et al [61] proposed a rapid staining screening test for the rapid detection of sulfide minerals that may cause staining or an oxidation reaction. The test is based on the Midgley test [62], using 6 % bleach as an oxidizing agent instead of lime water to identify the potential for the oxidation of the aggregates.…”

Section: Performance Evaluation Of the Quality Control Of Aggregate Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concrete damage due to oxidation of pyrrhotite-bearing aggregate: a review

Duchesne

Rodrigues²,

Fournier³

2021

RILEM Tech Lett

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Oxidation of pyrrhotite-bearing aggregates is one of the major causes of concrete damage in numerous buildings in Trois-Rivières in Canada and Connecticut in the USA. In the presence of moisture and oxygen, pyrrhotite oxidizes to generate iron-and sulfate-rich secondary minerals that cause internal sulfate attack. Iron sulfides are accessory minerals of different rock types. The distribution of sulfides is often very heterogeneous in terms of aggregate particles, even at the level of the quarries in which some areas may contain copious amounts than others, which complicates the sampling method. Pyrrhotite is a complex mineral with varying chemical composition, crystallographic structure, and specific surface area. These factors influence the reactivity of pyrrhotite. Therefore, it is challenging to control the quality of the aggregate sources. In this study, recent advances in the identification and quantification of pyrrhotite to diagnose complicated cases are presented, and a performance-based approach for the quality control of new sources of aggregates is introduced. The performance-based approach is preferred because it eliminates the influence of the oxidation of pyrrhotite.

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