Development of a purge and trap continuous flow system for the stable carbon isotope analysis of volatile halogenated organic compounds in water

Auer, Nicole R.; Manzke, Bert; Schulz–Bull, Detlef E.

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.043

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Before measurement, the compounds are released by heating and are carried in a He stream into the injection port of a gas chromatograph. Reliable isotope values in the low ppb concentration range have been obtained for numerous volatile groundwater contaminants [133][134][135][136][137]. Larger amounts of water samples (up to 100 mL) can be extracted in an automated process, and interfering non-volatile matrix components are left behind leading to "clean" chromatograms.…”

Section: Purge and Trap (Pandt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current challenges in compound-specific stable isotope analysis of environmental organic contaminants

et al. 2012

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Compound-specific stable-isotope analysis (CSIA) has greatly facilitated assessment of sources and transformation processes of organic pollutants. Multielement isotope analysis is one of the most promising applications of CSIA because it even enables distinction of different transformation pathways. This review introduces the essential features of continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and highlights current challenges in environmental analysis as exemplified for the isotopes of nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorine, and oxygen. Strategies and recent advances to enable isotopic measurements of polar contaminants, for example pesticides or pharmaceuticals, are discussed with special emphasis on possible solutions for analysis of low concentrations of contaminants in environmental matrices. Finally, we discuss different levels of calibration and referencing and point out the urgent need for compound-specific isotope standards for gas chromatography-isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) of organic pollutants.

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Section: Purge and Trap (Pandt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current challenges in compound-specific stable isotope analysis of environmental organic contaminants

et al. 2012

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“…Additionally, stable isotopes can be used to obtain detailed information on the origin of chloroform. By determining the concentrations of, for example, stable carbon isotopes and calculating the carbon isotope ratios, it is possible to identify whether, for example, chloroform is naturally produced or of anthropogenic origin (Hunkeler and Aravena 2000;Auer et al 2006;Jendrzejewski et al 2001;Jochmann et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliable test methods for the determination of a natural production of chloroform in soils

Grøn

Laturnus

Jacobsen

2011

Environ Monit Assess

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Chloroform is one of the most frequently found anthropogenic groundwater contaminants. Recent investigations, however, suggested that chloroform in groundwater may also originate from a natural production in soils. As societies response to the occurrence of chloroform in groundwater may depend upon its origin as anthropogenic or naturally produced, test methods are needed to measure the potential of natural soil chloroform production. Field measurements of ambient air and soil air, and field and laboratory incubation studies were evaluated for measurement of relative soil chloroform production at a site with four different vegetation types (spruce forest, beech forest, grassland, and grain field) on comparable geological soil. All test methods showed varying soil production of chloroform with spruce forest soil being most productive and grain field soil being least productive. Field measurements of the ratio of soil air to ambient air chloroform concentrations exhibited the smallest difference between high production and low production areas, whereas laboratory incubation studies showed the largest difference. Thus, laboratory incubation studies are suggested as most efficient for estimating relative chloroform production in soil. The study indicated that soil samples should be tested not more than 14 days after sampling. Furthermore, it was found that potentially limiting compounds, such as chloride or nitrate, are not needed to be added in spike experiments to obtain reliable production results. However, it should be recognized that the processes of soil chloroform production are not known yet in all details. Other factors than those studied here may affect the test methods for soil chloroform production too.

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“…[39,40] Briefly, from each Fucus species, sections of the thallus including the central rib and air bladders (length up to 10 cm) were carefully cut using a scalpel, weighed (,200 g fresh weight, FW), and immediately placed in 5-L gas-tight Duran glass bottles. All incubations were performed in autoclaved sea water with no headspace.…”

Section: Iow Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon isotope signatures of individual halocarbons have been proposed as a valuable tool to distinguish between different sources, to obtain information on source and sink mechanisms and to refine the global budgets of CH 3 Br [35] and CH 3 Cl. [36][37][38] Tremendous progress has recently been made for the carbon isotopic analysis of dissolved halocarbons, [39,40] which now allows extension of this approach to short-lived halocarbons such as CH 3 I, CH 2 Br 2 and CHBr 3 . Determination of the carbon isotope ratios of these compounds could provide valuable additional information about sourcesink relationships that cannot be derived from the mixing ratios alone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isotopic composition of polyhalomethanes from marine macrophytes – systematic effects of the halogen substituents on isotopic composition

et al. 2015

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Environmental context. Once released to the atmosphere, halocarbons are involved in key chemical reactions. Stable carbon isotope measurements of halocarbons can provide valuable information on their sources and fate in the atmosphere. Here, we report d 13 C values of 13 polyhalomethanes released from brown algae, which may provide a basis for inferring their sources and fate in future studies.Abstract. Halocarbons are important vectors of reactive halogens to the atmosphere, where the latter participate in several key chemical processes. An improved understanding of the biogeochemical controls of the production-destruction equilibrium on halocarbons is of vital importance to address potential future changes in their fluxes to the atmosphere. Carbon stable isotope ratios of halocarbons could provide valuable additional information on their sources and fate that cannot be derived from mixing ratios alone. We determined the d 13 C values of 13 polyhalomethanes from three brown algae species (Laminaria digitata, Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus) and one seagrass species (Zostera noltii). The d 13 C values were determined in laboratory incubations under variable environmental conditions of light, water levels (to simulate tidal events) and addition of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). The d 13 C values of the polyhalomethanes ranged from À42.2 % (AE3.5 s.d.) for CHCl 3 to 6.9 % (AE4.5) for CHI 2 Br and showed a systematic effect of the halogen substituents that could empirically be described in terms of linear free energy relationships. We further observed an enrichment in the d 13 C of the polyhalomethanes with decreasing polyhalomethane yield that is attributed to the competing formation of halogenated ketones. Though variable, the isotopic composition of polyhalomethanes may provide useful additional information to discriminate between marine polyhalomethane sources.

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Development of a purge and trap continuous flow system for the stable carbon isotope analysis of volatile halogenated organic compounds in water

Cited by 32 publications

References 59 publications

Current challenges in compound-specific stable isotope analysis of environmental organic contaminants

Current challenges in compound-specific stable isotope analysis of environmental organic contaminants

Reliable test methods for the determination of a natural production of chloroform in soils

Isotopic composition of polyhalomethanes from marine macrophytes – systematic effects of the halogen substituents on isotopic composition

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