Development of a Particle–Particle Hybrid Scheme to Simulate Multiscale Transitional Flows

A novel efficient hybrid DSMC–dynamic collision limiter algorithm for multiscale transitional flows

“…For more details about the KS statistical test and the estimation of procedure, the works of Kumar et al 24 and Malaikannan et al 51 can be referred. For more details about the KS statistical test and the estimation of procedure, the works of Kumar et al 24 and Malaikannan et al 51 can be referred.…”

“…Comeaux et al 19 reported that the Burnett equations violate the second law of thermodynamics at high Knudsen numbers. 24 Thus, in this regime, kinetic particle-based methods, such as the Direct Simulation Monte-Carlo (DSMC) 17 are widely used. 20 Also, the robustness of these equations in an accurate modeling of semi-rarefied to rarefied flow problems is an standing issue.…”

“…24,[39][40][41][42] These works have shown some success in modeling of flows wherein length scales range from continuum to rarefied flow regime; however, such hybrid schemes need to be further analyzed and explored so that they emerge as well-established flow solvers for applications related to high-speed rarefied gas flows and beyond. Such pure particle-based hybrid schemes do not suffer from usual hybridization issues, since particles carry information from one region to the other, thus not requiring the transformation of particle information in macroscopic form and vice versa.…”

“…Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK), 22 ellipsoidal-statistical BGK (ES-BGK) 23 model kinetic equations are based on simplifying the complicated collision term; however, they are found to be accurate for near-continuum flows only. 24 Thus, in this regime, kinetic particle-based methods, such as the Direct Simulation Monte-Carlo (DSMC) 17 are widely used. Direct Simulation Monte-Carlo is considered to be a pure simulation method, which gives physics-based solution to the Boltzmann equation, without solving it directly.…”

“…A few researchers have contributed to the development of such particle-particle hybrid methods. 24,[39][40][41][42] These works have shown some success in modeling of flows wherein length scales range from continuum to rarefied flow regime; however, such hybrid schemes need to be further analyzed and explored so that they emerge as well-established flow solvers for applications related to high-speed rarefied gas flows and beyond.…”