Development of a novel flow sensor for copper trace analysis by electrochemical reduction of 4-methoxybenzene diazonium salt

Abstract

Due to the rapidity and the effectiveness of the method, the reduction of diazonium salts has been widely used to functionalize electrodes for sensor applications. However, the resulting organic film usually designed to provide complexing capabilities for the species to be determined could affect the sensor properties. The electrochemical reduction of 4-methoxybenzene diazonium salt on graphite felt that leads to the formation of an organic film with unexpected high affinity for copper ions is presented. This property combined with a flow electrochemical system led us to achieve a sensitive sensor for copper detection, with good selectivity towards some common interferent ions.

Anodic stripping voltammetry with graphite felt electrodes for the trace analysis of silver

“…Geneste and co-workers used GF flow cells to detect a number of metal ions, including lead copper and zinc, with impressive results suggesting the "mega-macro" electrode concept was worth pursuing for electroanalysis. [11][12][13][14][15] However, flow cells add another layer of complication to experimental techniques and less intricate quiescent arrangements are often preferred for analytical methods. Although a number of researchers have used mega macro carbon electrodes for ASV in quiescent solutions with some success, for example macro porous carbon spheres and carbon fibre mats, 16,17 the situation with GF electrodes is complicated due to their hydrophobicity, which can cause wetting issues and poor repeatability.…”

Evaluation of Hydrophilized Graphite Felt for Electrochemical Heavy Metals Detection (Pb2+, Hg2+)

“…International Journal of Electrochemistry They are therefore ideal candidates as electrodes in flow electrochemical sensors for trace metals analysis, as already shown for lead, zinc, and copper [18][19][20][21][22]. Using linear sweep stripping voltammetry (LSSV), limit of detection of lead as low as 10 −9 M was achieved using unmodified graphite felt [19] and 2.5 × 10 −8 M using graphite felts modified by covalent attachment of 1,4,8-tri(carbamoylmethyl) hydroiodide (TETRAM) ligands [20] and cyclam ligands [21].…”

Coupling of Anodic Stripping Voltammetry with Sampled-Current Voltammetry on an Electrode Array: Application to Lead Detection

“…However, the preparation of such an analytical system is still challenging. Electroanalysis is one of the most promising methods to meet this need [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Research on trace heavy metal analysis with portable systems mainly focus on anodic stripping voltammetry that allows the detection of very low concentrations of metallic ions by their preconcentration on the electrode surface.…”