Development of a non-toxic electrolyte for soft gold electrodeposition: an overview of work at University of Newcastle upon Tyne

Liew, M.-J.; Roy, Sudipta; Scott, Keith

doi:10.1039/b301176n

Cited by 64 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…ions) during each current pulse. The general expression adopted for Q* is Q* = N A ·(q p ·n -1 )·U (6) where N A is the Avogadro number (6.023·10 23 mol -1 ) and q p is assumed as equal to the product of the average current density (j) with the surface area (A) of the deposited unit with the duration of the pulse (t p ). That is, an expression adopted for q p is q p = j·A·t p .…”

Section: Electrodeposited Grain-size Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4] Acidic (pH~5) cyanide and near-neutral (pH~7.4) thiosulfate-sulfite electrolytes for "soft" Au plating at ~60 °C yield films with hardness values of 0.7-1.0 GPa. [6] "Hard" Au can be produced by codeposition with low quantities of metal hardeners as nickel, cobalt, or iron. [5,[7][8][9] In the present study, Cu will serve as the additive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanocrystalline growth and grain-size effects in Au–Cu electrodeposits

Jankowski¹,

Saw²,

Harper³

et al. 2006

Thin Solid Films

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The processing-structure-property relationship is investigated for electrodeposited foils of the gold-copper alloy system. A model is presented that relates the deposition process parameters to the nanocrystalline grain size. An activation energy of 1.52 eV·atom -1 for growth is determined for a long pulse (>10 msec) mode, and is 0.16 eV·atom -1 for short pulses (<5 msec).The affect of nanocrystalline grain size on the mechanical properties is assessed using indentation measurements. A Hall-Petch type variation of the Vickers microhardness with nanocrystalline grain size (>6 nm) is observed for Au-Cu samples with 1-12 wt.% Cu as tested in cross-section. The hardness increases three-fold from a rule-of-mixtures value <1 GPa to a maximum of 2.9 GPa.2

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Section: Electrodeposited Grain-size Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocrystalline growth and grain-size effects in Au–Cu electrodeposits

Jankowski¹,

Saw²,

Harper³

et al. 2006

Thin Solid Films

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“…And new cells, as well as more useful components, 212,215-217 are being introduced rapidly. Significantly, the base knowledge has also increased remarkably over the last two decades through advances in electroanalytical techniques, 126,218 chemical synthesis of promising electrolytes, [219][220][221] progress in the electrochemical engineering field, 222- …”

Section: Electrosynthesis Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical routes for industrial synthesis

Sequeira¹,

Santos²

2009

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

112

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Esta revisão examina as razões que justificam um interesse crescente da indústria química pelos processos eletrolíticos. Reveem-se as indústrias químicas, nas quais compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos são processados e descrevem-se os avanços tecnológicos mais relevantes. Inicialmente, abordam-se processos bem estabelecidos, como as indústrias cloroalcalinas de produção de alumínio, p-aminofenol, adiponitrila, etileno glicol, antraquinona, produtos perfluorados, ácido glioxílico e L-cisteína. Face à grande quantidade de informação disponível, o assunto é tratado com base científica, mas de modo bastante simplificado. Posteriormente, descrevem-se processos orgânicos e inorgânicos emergentes, nomeadamente processos eletroquímicos mediados e síntese em líquidos iónicos. Estabelecem-se paralelos entre síntese química e síntese eletroquímica. Estimula-se o interesse nos processos de eletrossíntese, particularmente em líquidos iónicos, não desmerecendo a importância das vias puramente químicas de síntese orgânica e inorgânica.This review examines the reasons for increasing interest towards electrolyses by the chemical industry, reviews the electrochemical industries as most of them now exist, and provides a status report on the key technological advances which are occurring to meet present and future needs. Classical industries like those of chloroalkali, aluminium, p-aminophenol, adiponitrile, ethylene glycol, anthraquinone, perfluorinated products, glyoxylic acid and L-cysteine are initially covered. Considering the large amount of available publications in these topics of electrochemical engineering, the covered relevant information is treated at a scientific level, although in a simplified way. Then the paper deals with emerging inorganic and organic processes, e.g. electrosynthesis in ionic liquids and mediated electrochemical processes, and finishes by assessing what the future development trend might be given the electrochemical and non electrochemical competing influences. With this approach it is hoped to stimulate the interest of chemical engineers and scientists non-specialised in electrochemical routes, and to review some cutting edge research, particularly as far as electrosynthesis in ionic liquids is concerned.

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“…[1] The mixed ligand bath is proved to be satisfactory for an industrial process and used as an electrolyte to electrodeposit gold for microelectronics applications. [4] Since the discharge of gold with effluent is a major economic as well as environmental concern, this study was initiated to investigate if gold can be recovered from a spent thiosulphate-sulphite electrolyte. In a previous work to investigate the nucleation mechanism of gold, [2] we used glassy carbon and graphite as electrodes, mainly because they are easily available, less expensive and are used for metal recovery in industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4] Since gold thiosulphate is not available from chemical suppliers, it had to be formulated in our laboratory. The formulation involves mixing aurochloric acid, sodium sulphite and sodium thiosulphate in fixed amounts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of electrodeposited gold on glassy carbon from a thiosulphate–sulphite electrolyte

Sobri

Roy

Aranyi

et al. 2008

Surface & Interface Analysis

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A solution containing thiosulphate and sulphite has been developed specially for microelectronics applications to replace the conventional cyanide-based bath for long-term sustainability of gold electroplating. However, at the end of the electrodeposition process, the spent electrolyte can contain a significant amount of gold in solution. Investigations have been done to study the feasibility of gold recovery from the spent thiosulphate-sulphite electrolyte. In a previous work, flat plate glassy carbon was used to study the initial nucleation mechanism of gold deposition. However, in that study the growth of nuclei or their eventual formation into a gold film was not examined. Here, we present the microscopy observations of crystal growth of gold on glassy carbon at longer deposition times as a function of deposition potentials. It was found that the initial deposition of gold at low-cathodic potential corresponds to an electrochemical diffusion controlled gold discharge from which spherical nuclei are obtained. After a certain time the initial growing nuclei become unstable and the thin gold deposit begins to develop tips, which eventually grow larger and produce dendrites. The dendritic growth is controlled by surface-diffusion limitations of gold.

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Development of a non-toxic electrolyte for soft gold electrodeposition: an overview of work at University of Newcastle upon Tyne

Cited by 64 publications

References 19 publications

Nanocrystalline growth and grain-size effects in Au–Cu electrodeposits

Nanocrystalline growth and grain-size effects in Au–Cu electrodeposits

Electrochemical routes for industrial synthesis

Growth of electrodeposited gold on glassy carbon from a thiosulphate–sulphite electrolyte

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