“…Observations from radiographic imaging and endoscopy include delayed swallow onset [15,39,41–44], the occurrence of penetration/aspiration [13,15,16,18,27,33,39,41–62] and post-swallow residue [15,16,33,39,41,42,44,47,49,52,53,57–63]. Additional reports from VFSS indicate reduced hyolaryngeal movement [15,33,43,45,53,64] and incomplete laryngeal closure [45,39]. Still, the majority of studies reporting swallowing physiology/function present observations in descriptive terms, limiting our ability to compare results across studies or measure discrete degrees of change.…”