Development of a New Lab-on-Paper Microfluidics Platform Using Bi-Material Cantilever Actuators for ELISA on Paper

Heidari-Bafroui, Hojat; Kumar, Ashutosh; Hahn, Cameron; Scholz, Nicholas; Charbaji, Amer; Rahmani, Nassim; Anagnostopoulos, C.; Faghri, Mohammad

doi:10.3390/bios13030310

Cited by 7 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Historically, Christophersen et al delved into the modeling of PPy bilayer micro-actuators, bringing valuable insights into the realm of microfluidic devices [3]. This research pathway found resonance with our contemporary work, in which we presented an extensive study on a paper-based bi-material cantilever (B-MaC) valve and innovated a lab-on-paper microfluidics platform using bi-material cantilever actuators [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Dynamic Response of Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator

Kumar,

Hatayama,

Rahmani

et al. 2023

Micro

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This work presents a dynamic modeling approach for analyzing the behavior of a bi-material cantilever actuator structure, consisting of a strip of filter paper bonded to a strip of tape. The actuator’s response is induced by a mismatch strain generated upon wetting, leading to the bending of the cantilever. The study delves into a comprehensive exploration of the dynamic deflection characteristics of the bilayer structure. It untangles the intricate connections among the saturation, modulus, hygro-expansion strain, and deflection, while uniquely addressing the challenges stemming from fluid–structure coupling. To solve the coupled fluid–solid differential equations, a combined numerical method is employed. This involves the application of the Highly Simplified Marker and Cell (HSMAC) technique for fluid flow analysis and the Finite Difference Method (FDM) for response deflection computation. In terms of the capillary flow model, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations closely align with the classical Washburn relationship, depicting the wetted front’s evolution over time. Furthermore, the numerical findings demonstrate that heightened saturation levels trigger an increase in hygro-expansion strain, consequently leading to a rapid rise in response deflection until a static equilibrium is achieved. This phenomenon underscores the pivotal interplay among saturation, hygro-expansion strain, and deflection within the system. Additionally, the actuator’s response sensitivity to material characteristics is highlighted. As the mismatch strain evolving from paper hygro-expansion diminishes, a corresponding reduction in the axial strain causes a decrease in response deflection. The dynamic parameter demonstrates that the deflection response of the bilayer actuator diminishes as dynamic pressure decreases, reaching a minimal level beyond which further changes are negligible. This intricate correlation underscores the device’s responsiveness to specific material traits, offering prospects for precise behavior tuning. The dependence of paper modulus on saturation levels is revealed to significantly influence bilayer actuator deflection. With higher saturation content, the modulus decreases, resulting in amplified deflection. Finally, strong concordance is observed among the present fluidically coupled model, the static model, and empirical data—a testament to the accuracy of the numerical formulation and results presented in this study.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Dynamic Response of Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator

Kumar,

Hatayama,

Rahmani

et al. 2023

Micro

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“… Paper-based Bi-Material cantilever (B-MaC) valve (on left ); An exploded view of the platform housing [ 42 ] (on right ). …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite progress in the field, the current literature lacks a comprehensive model that considers the behavior of bilayers under fluidic loading. Our study introduces a comprehensive model of a fluidically activated B-MaC for the automation of a paper-based assay [ 42 ], implemented in a fluidic circuit to sequentially load multiple reagents for analyte detection. By considering various geometric and material properties, our model, which is validated using experimental results, makes a novel and significant contribution to the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator for Microfluidic Biosensors

et al. 2023

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This research explores the dynamics of a fluidically loaded Bi-Material cantilever (B-MaC), a critical component of μPADs (microfluidic paper-based analytical devices) used in point-of-care diagnostics. Constructed from Scotch Tape and Whatman Grade 41 filter paper strips, the B-MaC’s behavior under fluid imbibition is examined. A capillary fluid flow model is formulated for the B-MaC, adhering to the Lucas–Washburn (LW) equation, and supported by empirical data. This paper further investigates the stress–strain relationship to estimate the modulus of the B-MaC at various saturation levels and to predict the behavior of the fluidically loaded cantilever. The study shows that the Young’s modulus of Whatman Grade 41 filter paper drastically decreases to approximately 20 MPa (about 7% of its dry-state value) upon full saturation. This significant decrease in flexural rigidity, in conjunction with the hygroexpansive strain and coefficient of hygroexpansion (empirically deduced to be 0.008), is essential in determining the B-MaC’s deflection. The proposed moderate deflection formulation effectively predicts the B-MaC’s behavior under fluidic loading, emphasizing the measurement of maximum (tip) deflection using interfacial boundary conditions for the B-MaC’s wet and dry regions. This knowledge of tip deflection will prove instrumental in optimizing the design parameters of B-MaCs.

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“…Recently, the development of miniaturized systems using paper so-called microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPAD) as the medium for analytical detection allows the construction of accurate, portable, easy-to-use, low-cost, timesaving, disposable, and real-time detection systems that fulfil the criteria for green analytical chemistry 10 . The fundamental principle that paper microfluidics lies on is the paper basic material which is cellulose that is considered naturally hydrophilic and allows fluids penetration within its fibre matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Quercetin in Iraqi Green Walnut Husk via Green Ionic Liquid-Based Digestion Extraction and Gel Filtration Procedures-Spectrophotometry and Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Platform Detection

Mohammad,

Abdulsattar,

Nasif

2024

Baghdad Sci.J

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This study was conducted to extract, isolate and quantify Quercetin from Iraqi green walnut husk (GWH) using a novel ionic liquid-based digestion extraction and gel filtration procedure coupled with visible spectrophotometry detection and compared with a novel microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPADs) aiming for an economic, and green method. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) aqueous solution was used as a green solvent alternative to conventional organic solvents due to their impressive solvation properties. The results showed that 100 mg of plant husk required 15 mL of BMIMCl solvent, and 30 minutes of digestion at 75° C, which involves a simpler, and greener extraction method compared with other extraction methods. Under optimal conditions, Quercetin was isolated using a gel filtration technique, and further investigations were conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier-transmitted infrared to confirm the isolation of Quercetin. Aluminum chloride assay was selected to determine the concentration of Quercetin giving a linearity of 10-100 mg L-1 and correlation coefficient of 0.9369 and 0.7917 for spectrophotometric and µPADs methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity of isolated Quercetin showed good antioxidant activity and the ANOVA test was used to compare µPADs method with the spectrophotometric method and the results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two methods. In conclusion, BMIMCl solvent provides an excellent safe and suitable solvent for the extraction of phytochemicals from botanical drugs. In addition, the µPADs platform has been approved for its superiority against traditional methods for analytical purposes due to its green characteristic.

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Development of a New Lab-on-Paper Microfluidics Platform Using Bi-Material Cantilever Actuators for ELISA on Paper

Cited by 7 publications

References 41 publications

Dynamic Response of Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator

Dynamic Response of Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator

Modeling of Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator for Microfluidic Biosensors

Determination of Quercetin in Iraqi Green Walnut Husk via Green Ionic Liquid-Based Digestion Extraction and Gel Filtration Procedures-Spectrophotometry and Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Platform Detection

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