Development of a New Incontinence Containment Product and an Investigation of Its Effect on Perineal Dermatitis in Patients With Fecal Incontinence: A Pilot Study in Women
“… 4 In addition, the presence of friction and shear mechanical forces can decrease skin functioning and cause skin injury. 1 , 2 , 5 Thus, the potential for skin breakdown among incontinent older adults requires careful assessment and care.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Skin damage to older adults causes not only physical and mental suffering, and the potential of secondary infections, but also increases the costs of care and longer lengths of stay. 5 For example, Lumber (2019) reported that IAD patients’ symptom severity can range from a low level, such as feeling uncomfortable, to a high level, such as excessive painful ulceration. IAD was one significant factor in causing secondary infection with an increased susceptibility to pressure ulceration.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 11 Moreover, medications used to treat these two conditions can cause iatrogenesis, such as drug interactions and side effects of treatment. 2 , 5 …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several studies and systematic reviews have been conducted, and general prevention and care guidelines for IAD have been recommended. 4 , 5 , 9 , 12–17 Beeckman et al (2016) reported that the principles of prevention and care for IAD are cleansing, moisturizing, and protecting. 12 Others have provided details about general prevention and care guidelines, such as skin assessment, skin cleaning, skin barrier, containment device, and treatment of secondary infection.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 12 Others have provided details about general prevention and care guidelines, such as skin assessment, skin cleaning, skin barrier, containment device, and treatment of secondary infection. 4 , 5 However, their populations were adult or pediatric patients.…”
Background
The prevalent rate of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) trends upward in older populations. Skin breakdown from IAD impacts the quality of life of older adults and reflects the quality of care in hospitals and long-term care facilities. Specific and appropriate interventions for prevention and care are needed. This systematic review aims to review optimal strategies for prevention and care for older adults with IAD.
Methods
PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Medline, ProQuest, ThaiLIS, ThaiJo, and E-Thesis were searched for articles published between January 2010 and December 2020. Only articles focusing on older adults were included for the review.
Results
Eleven articles met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Interventions for the prevention and care of IAD among older adults were categorized as assessment, incontinence management/causative factors management, cleansing, application of medical products for both skin moisturizing and skin barrier, body positioning, nutrition promotion, health education and training, and outcome evaluation. Specific prevention and care strategies for older adults with IAD included using specific assessment tools, applying skin cleansing pH from 4.0 to 6.8, body positioning, and promoting food with high protein. Other strategies were similar to those reported for adult patients.
Conclusion
The systematic review extracted current and specific prevention and care strategies for IAD in older adults. The prevention and care strategies from this systematic review should be applied in clinical practice. However, more rigorous research methodology is recommended in future studies, especially in examining intervention outcomes. Nurses and other health professionals should be educated and trained to understand the causes of IAD in older adults and the specific prevention and care strategies for this population. Because older adults are prone to skin damage, and this type of skin breakdown differs from pressure ulcers, the tools for assessment and evaluation, and the strategies for prevention and care require special attention.
Prospero Registration Number
CRD42021251711.
“… 4 In addition, the presence of friction and shear mechanical forces can decrease skin functioning and cause skin injury. 1 , 2 , 5 Thus, the potential for skin breakdown among incontinent older adults requires careful assessment and care.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Skin damage to older adults causes not only physical and mental suffering, and the potential of secondary infections, but also increases the costs of care and longer lengths of stay. 5 For example, Lumber (2019) reported that IAD patients’ symptom severity can range from a low level, such as feeling uncomfortable, to a high level, such as excessive painful ulceration. IAD was one significant factor in causing secondary infection with an increased susceptibility to pressure ulceration.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 11 Moreover, medications used to treat these two conditions can cause iatrogenesis, such as drug interactions and side effects of treatment. 2 , 5 …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several studies and systematic reviews have been conducted, and general prevention and care guidelines for IAD have been recommended. 4 , 5 , 9 , 12–17 Beeckman et al (2016) reported that the principles of prevention and care for IAD are cleansing, moisturizing, and protecting. 12 Others have provided details about general prevention and care guidelines, such as skin assessment, skin cleaning, skin barrier, containment device, and treatment of secondary infection.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 12 Others have provided details about general prevention and care guidelines, such as skin assessment, skin cleaning, skin barrier, containment device, and treatment of secondary infection. 4 , 5 However, their populations were adult or pediatric patients.…”
Background
The prevalent rate of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) trends upward in older populations. Skin breakdown from IAD impacts the quality of life of older adults and reflects the quality of care in hospitals and long-term care facilities. Specific and appropriate interventions for prevention and care are needed. This systematic review aims to review optimal strategies for prevention and care for older adults with IAD.
Methods
PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Medline, ProQuest, ThaiLIS, ThaiJo, and E-Thesis were searched for articles published between January 2010 and December 2020. Only articles focusing on older adults were included for the review.
Results
Eleven articles met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Interventions for the prevention and care of IAD among older adults were categorized as assessment, incontinence management/causative factors management, cleansing, application of medical products for both skin moisturizing and skin barrier, body positioning, nutrition promotion, health education and training, and outcome evaluation. Specific prevention and care strategies for older adults with IAD included using specific assessment tools, applying skin cleansing pH from 4.0 to 6.8, body positioning, and promoting food with high protein. Other strategies were similar to those reported for adult patients.
Conclusion
The systematic review extracted current and specific prevention and care strategies for IAD in older adults. The prevention and care strategies from this systematic review should be applied in clinical practice. However, more rigorous research methodology is recommended in future studies, especially in examining intervention outcomes. Nurses and other health professionals should be educated and trained to understand the causes of IAD in older adults and the specific prevention and care strategies for this population. Because older adults are prone to skin damage, and this type of skin breakdown differs from pressure ulcers, the tools for assessment and evaluation, and the strategies for prevention and care require special attention.
Prospero Registration Number
CRD42021251711.
PURPOSE:
Absorbent products are commonly used to absorb urine and fecal matter and to mitigate potential skin complications such as incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD). Evidence concerning the effect these products have on skin integrity is limited. This scoping review aimed to explore the evidence/literature on the effect of absorbent containment products on skin integrity.
METHOD:
A scoping literature review.
SEARCH STRATEGY:
The electronic databases CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and Scopus were searched for published articles between 2014 and 2019. Inclusion criteria were studies that focused on urinary and/or fecal incontinence, use of incontinent absorbent containment products, impact on skin integrity, and published in English. The search identified a total of 441 articles that were identified for the title and abstract review.
FINDINGS:
Twelve studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Variability in the study designs did not allow firm conclusions regarding which absorbent products contributed to or prevented IAD. Specifically, we found variations in assessment of IAD, study settings, and types of products used.
IMPLICATIONS:
There is insufficient evidence to support the effectiveness of one product category over another for maintaining skin integrity in persons with urinary or fecal incontinence. This paucity of evidence illustrates the need for standardized terminology, a widely used instrument for assessment of IAD, and identification of a standard absorbent product. Additional research using both in vitro and in vivo models, along with real-world clinical studies, is needed to enhance current knowledge and evidence of the impact of absorbent products on skin integrity.
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