Development of a Multi-Agent m-Health Application Based on Various Protocols for Chronic Disease Self-Management

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a mobile health application (Self-Management mobile Personal Health Record: "SmPHR") to ensure the interoperability of various personal health devices (PHDs) and electronic medical record systems (EMRs) for continuous self-management of chronic disease patients. The SmPHR was developed for Android 4.0.3, and implemented according to the optimized standard protocol for each interface of healthcare services adopted by the Continua Health Alliance (CHA). That is, the Personal Area Network (PAN) interface between the application and PHD implements ISO/IEEE 11073-20,601, 10,404, 10,407, 10,415, 10,417, and Bluetooth Health Device Profile (HDP), and EMRs with a wide area network (WAN) interface implement HL7 V2.6; the Health Record Network (HRN) interface implements Continuity of Care Document (CCD) and Continuity of Care Record (CCR). Also, for SmPHR, we evaluated the transmission error rate between the interface using four PHDs and personal health record systems (PHRs) from previous research, with 611 users and elderly people after receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval. In the evaluation, the PAN interface showed 15 (2.4 %) errors, and the WAN and HRN interface showed 13 (2.1 %) errors in a total of 611 transmission attempts. Also, we received opinions regarding SmPHR from 15 healthcare professionals who took part in the clinical trial. Thus, SmPHR can be provided as an interconnected PHR mobile health service to patients, allowing 'plug and play' of PHDs and EMRs through various standard protocols.

Mobile Health Technologies for Diabetes Mellitus: Current State and Future Challenges

“…A full study of semantic interoperability issues, and solutions was compiled by Pileggi and Fernandez-Llatas [74]. Park et al [71] asserted that the current mobile apps for disease management have issues with reliability, interoperability, and scalability. In the e-Health domain, where data are clinical and biomedical, Seman-ticHealthNet 8 is a chronic heart failure project that ended in May 2015.…”

“…According to the National Alliance for Health Information Technology [71] ''a PHR is an individual's electronic record of health-related information that conforms to nationally recognized interoperability standards that can be drawn from multiple sources while being managed, shared, and controlled by the individual.'' Zapata et al [105] evaluated 24 mobile PHR applications.…”

“…However, the system could not handle semantic interoperability as required, simply because it was based on a single standard (i.e., HL7). Park et al [71] proposed the Self-Management mobile Personal Health Record (SmPHR). It offers chronic disease management in an Android 4.0.3-based mobile app.…”

PHR, We’ve Had a Problem Here

“…• interactive preventive health record (IPHR) [36] • electronic personal health record (ePHR) [37] • personally controlled health management systems (PCHMS) [38] • mobile personal health records (mPHR) [15] • personal health record application (PHA) [39] • self-management mobile personal health record (SmPHR) [40] • personal electronic health records (P-EHR) [41] Likewise, there are commonly used two categories for PHR's: Tethered PHR's that are part of EHR or at least connected to it and Stand-alone ones that are independent records even the categories can overlap [6]. There exists somewhat known and used definitions for PHRs even those still cannot seen that they have established position or recognition in the field of Health informatics.…”

Linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis to predict coronary artery disease

“…The prevalence of chronic diseases has increased due to poor eating habits, sedentary lifestyles, and the progression of ageing, thereby presenting an increasing burden upon individuals. 1 According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, chronic diseases account for major causes of deaths and health problems: 60 per cent (about 35 million) of the world’s population is estimated to die due to chronic diseases. This epidemiological phenomenon has serious repercussions on life expectancy and its quality, thereby incurring an increasing economic burden upon healthcare systems and societies.…”