Development of a method for quantification of toluene diisocyanate and methylenediphenyl diisocyanate migration from polyurethane foam sample surface to artificial sweat by HPLC-UV-MS

Donchenko, Aleksandra; Aubin, Simon; Gagné, Sébastien; Spence, Mark W.; Breau, Livain; Lesage, Jacques

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122027

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…All solutions were prepared using 18.2 MΩ⋅cm doubly deionised water (Milli‐Q water systems, Merck Millipore). The artificial sweat composition was 60 mM of NaCl, 6 mM of KCl, 5 mM of NH 4 Cl, 0.08 mM of MgCl 2 , 2.6 mM of NaHCO 3 and 0.04 mM of Na 2 HPO 4 [43] . The artificial urine composition was 12.0 mM of Na 2 SO 4 , 1.5 mM of uric acid, 2.5 mM of citric acid, 7.8 mM of creatinine, 249.8 mM of urea, 31.0 mM KCl, 30.0 mM of NaCl, 1.7 mM of CaCl 2 , 23.7 mM of NH 4 Cl, 0.20 mM of potassium oxalate monohydrate, 4.4 mM of MgSO 4 ⋅ 7H 2 O, 18.7 mM of NaH 2 PO 4 ⋅ 2H 2 O and 4.7 mM of Na 2 HPO 4 ⋅ 2H 2 O.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The artificial sweat composition was 60 mM of NaCl, 6 mM of KCl, 5 mM of NH 4 Cl, 0.08 mM of MgCl 2 , 2.6 mM of NaHCO 3 and 0.04 mM of Na 2 HPO 4 . [43] The artificial urine composition was 12.0 mM of Na 2 SO 4 , 1.5 mM of uric acid, 2.5 mM of citric acid, 7. The compounds in Figure 1, 1,3,5-tris-(pyrazolyl)-2,4,6-triethylbenzene (I), [44] 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)-2,4,6-triethylbenzene (II), [20,21] and 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-diphenylpyrazolyl)-2,4,6-triethylbenzene (III) [18] were synthesised as previously reported, and were spectroscopically identical to the reported compounds (by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-{ 1 H}-NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy).…”

Section: Materials and Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into Tripodal Tris(pyrazolyl) Compounds as Ionophores for Potentiometric Ammonium Ion Sensing

et al. 2022

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The decentralisation of accurate determination of the ammonium ion (NH 4 +) is relevant for environmental monitoring (i. e., nitrogen cycle) and certain clinical applications (e. g., kidney and liver diseases). Potentiometric ionophore-based sensors are one alternative for these purposes in terms of versatile implementation, though the potassium ion (K + ) is known to be a major source of interference. We herein investigate the use of three different tripodal tris(pyrazolyl) compounds derived from 1,3,5-triethylbenzene as NH 4+ ionophores. A complete set of potentiometric experiments together with theoretical simulations reveals suitable analytical performance while demonstrating a suppression of the K + interference given the formation of an adequate cavity in the ionophore to host NH 4 + over K + in the membrane environment. The results support the use of these electrodes in the analytical detection of NH 4 + in a wide range of samples with variable contents.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials and Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into Tripodal Tris(pyrazolyl) Compounds as Ionophores for Potentiometric Ammonium Ion Sensing

et al. 2022

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“…Methods can also be prone to interference between diisocyanates and diamines if these are present simultaneously and immediate derivatization of the isocyanates to avoid hydrolysis is not ensured ( HSE, 2014 ). Recently, analysis methods have been developed that have minimal effects on the PU polymer matrix and/or enable the simultaneous detection of diisocyanates and diamines in the same sample by including an isocyanate derivatizing agent in the acidic solution that is used for extraction of the diamines ( Brunet et al, 2018 ; Donchenko et al, 2020 ; Johnson et al, 2010 ; Karlsson, 2023 ). For these reasons, this work employed very similar methods for the extraction, emission, and migration studies undertaken.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emission and time-resolved migration rates of aromatic diamines from two flexible polyurethane foams

Karlsson¹,

Spence²,

Plehiers³

2023

Toxicol Ind Health

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Performing risk assessments (RA) on household use of flexible polyurethane (PU) foams requires access to reliable data about emission and migration of potential diamine impurities. A toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and a methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) based foam were thermally treated to enable measurements on samples with defined concentrations of the corresponding diamines, toluene diamine (TDA), and methylene dianiline (MDA). The thermally treated foams used for emission testing contained up to 15 mg.kg−1 of TDA and 27 mg.kg−1 of MDA. Those used for migration testing contained 5.1 mg.kg−1 of TDA and 14.1 mg.kg−1 of MDA. Stability of the thermally generated diamines was sufficient for testing over a 37-day period. Analytical techniques that did not decompose the polymer matrix were applied. Emission rates for TDA and MDA isomers were less than the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.008–0.07 μg.m−2.h−1. Migration was studied using samples of the same thermally treated foams over a 35-day period. Quantifiable migration of MDA from the MDI-based foam was only observed on Days 1 and 2. From Day 3 onward, migration rates were less than the LOQ. Quantifiable migration of TDA from the TDI-based foam rapidly decreased with time and was only observed on Days 1 thru 3. From Day 4 onward, migration rates were less than the LOQ. Theoretically, the migration rate should be inversely proportional to the square root of time (t) as t−0.5. This relationship was confirmed by the experimental data and enables extrapolating migration values to more extended time periods to conduct RAs.

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“…In order to improve the performance of the mechanical properties in PBAT, the diisocyanates are widely used as an additive. The modified PBAT polymer is formed by chemical reaction between a diisocyanate and a diol or polyol in the presence of a catalyst and other additives [ 5 ]. However, there are still some residual diisocyanates unreacted and attached to the polymer [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Residual Diisocyanates and Related Diamines in Biodegradable Mulch Films Using N-Ethoxycarbonylation Derivatization and GC-MS

Cai¹,

Lin²,

Ma³

et al. 2022

Molecules

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Diisocyanates are highly reactive compounds with two functional isocyanate groups. The exposure of diisocyanates is associated with severely adverse health effects, such as asthma, inflammation in the respiratory tract, and cancer. The hydrolysis product from diisocyanates to related diamines is also a potential carcinogen. Here, we developed an effective, accurate, and precise method for simultaneous determination of residual diisocyanates and related diamines in biodegradable mulch films, based on N-ethoxycarbonylation derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method development included the optimization of ultrasonic hydrolysis and extraction, screening of N-ethoxycarbonylation conditions with ethyl chloroformate, evaluation of the diamines degradation, and analysis of the fragmentation mechanisms. Under the optimum experimental conditions, good linearity was observed with R2 > 0.999. The extraction recoveries were found in the range of 93.9–101.2% with repeatabilities and reproducibilities in 0.89–8.12% and 2.12–10.56%, respectively. The limits of detection ranged from 0.0025 to 0.057 µg/mL. The developed method was applied to commercial polybutylene adipate co-terephthalate (PBAT) biodegradable mulch film samples for analysis of the diverse residual diisocyanates and related diamine additives. The components varied greatly among the sample from different origin. Overall, this study provides a reliable method for assessing safety in biodegradable mulch films.

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Development of a method for quantification of toluene diisocyanate and methylenediphenyl diisocyanate migration from polyurethane foam sample surface to artificial sweat by HPLC-UV-MS

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Insights into Tripodal Tris(pyrazolyl) Compounds as Ionophores for Potentiometric Ammonium Ion Sensing

Insights into Tripodal Tris(pyrazolyl) Compounds as Ionophores for Potentiometric Ammonium Ion Sensing

Emission and time-resolved migration rates of aromatic diamines from two flexible polyurethane foams

Determination of Residual Diisocyanates and Related Diamines in Biodegradable Mulch Films Using N-Ethoxycarbonylation Derivatization and GC-MS

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