Perfluorinated compounds are chemical substances widely used in industry, especially in textile coatings, and, in addition, they are persistent, bioaccumulative and endocrine disruptor, and can cause damage to human health and the environment. For this reason, this research aimed at studying the degradation, in low concentrations (initially 100 µg L −1), of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), by three processes: 1) Homogeneous photocatalysis (Fe 3+ /UV); 2) Heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO2/UV); and 3) Anaerobic biological process. First, PFOS degradation was studied by homogeneous photocatalysis using a full factorial design. With the best experimental conditions (3+ = 0.057 µmol L − and = 2.0), one obtained 44% PFOS removal after 8 h of treatment, which was close to the estimated maximum oxidation capacity of the system (MOC): 49%. The PFOS degradation by heterogeneous photocatalysis was optimized using the response surface methodology (MSR), whose optimal conditions were 2 = 1.45 g L −1 and = 4.0. This time, one achieved 83% PFOS removal after 8 h of treatment, again close to the estimated MOC: 86%. In both photocatalytic processes, PFOS degradation followed a pseudo-first order kinetics (0.34 and 0.64 h −1 , respectively), and, degradation by direct photolysis (UV) was negligible. When PFOS was degraded by the anaerobic biological process, 33% removal was obtained in 10 days of treatment. During this period of time, neither inhibition of the specific methanogenic activity (AME) nor significant changes in the microbial consortium (Archaea and Bacteria domains) were observed. In all processes, degradation products (PDs) were identified and the respective acute and chronic ecotoxicities for aquatic organisms (fish, daphnids and algae) were estimated. It was observed that, although lipophilicity influenced ecotoxicities, it is not the only determining factor.