“…The main applications highly adopted machine learning were such as aerospace, automobile, and defense. These include multi-stage Bayesian surrogate models [135][136][137], artificial neuron network (ANN) [138][139][140], inductive design exploration method [141][142][143], support vector machine [69,[144][145], graph convolutional networks [146], surfel convolutional neural network [147], multi-task Gaussian process learning algorithm [148], computational fluid dynamics model [149,150], back propagation neural network [151], and particle swarm optimization method [152,153]. Regarding the AEC industry, machine learning can be implemented effectively in any activities including conceptual design phase, design optimization, cost prediction, transportation, and fabrication time.…”