Development of a Highly Proliferated Bilayer Coating on 316L Stainless Steel Implants

Abstract

In this research, a bilayer coating has been applied on the surface of 316 L stainless steel (316LSS) to provide highly proliferated metallic implants for bone regeneration. The first layer was prepared using electrophoretic deposition of graphene oxide (GO), while the top layer was coated utilizing electrospinning of poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/gelatin (Ge)/forsterite solutions. The morphology, porosity, wettability, biodegradability, bioactivity, cell attachment and cell viability of the prepared coatings were evaluated. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) results revealed the formation of uniform, continuous, and bead-free nanofibers. The Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS) results confirmed well-distributed forsterite nanoparticles in the structure of the top coating. The porosity of the electrospun nanofibers was found to be above 70%. The water contact angle measurements indicated an improvement in the wettability of the coating by increasing the amount of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the electrospun nanofibers containing 1 and 3 wt.% of forsterite nanoparticles showed significant bioactivity after soaking in the simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 21 days. In addition, to investigate the in vitro analysis, the MG-63 cells were cultured on the PCL/Ge/forsterite and GO-PCL/Ge/forsterite coatings. The results confirmed an excellent cell adhesion along with considerable cell growth and proliferation. It should be also noted that the existence of the forsterite nanoparticles and the GO layer substantially enhanced the cell proliferation of the coatings.

Effects of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hybrid natural fibre/phenol formaldehyde composites

“…Although natural fibre-based hybrid composites provide enhanced strength, they have poor moisture resistance due to the polar nature of the fibres. This results in the degradation of the fibre–matrix interface region that is severely detrimental to the stress transfer from the matrix to the fibre 32 – 34 . This is a critical issue in natural fibre hybrid composites that affects the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the composites 35 .…”

In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of PLLA-316L Stainless Steel Electromechanical Devices for Bone Tissue Engineering—A Preliminary Study

“…Due to the non-transparent nature of the devices, a morphologic qualitative assessment was performed by SEM, with both devices (SS/SIL and SS/SIL/PLLA) presenting cellular monolayer formation, with normal cell morphology and attachment ( Figure 4 and Figure 5 ). The SS316L potential as a non-permanent device for bone remodeling has been widely accepted, and previous groups have been applying this alloy alone or in combination with other biomaterials, showing positive results [ 45 , 46 ]. Previous groups have reported promising outcomes when applying PLLA polymers in bone scaffolding, showing enhanced osteogenesis and proliferation of cell populations from various sources [ 47 , 48 ], as well as positive in vivo outcomes [ 49 ].…”

Regeneration of the peripheral nerve via multifunctional electrospun scaffolds

“…Natural polymers provide specific biochemical signals to enhance cell survival, differentiation, and axonal regeneration due to their high biocompatibility 35,87‐91 . Gelatin is one of the appropriate natural polymers, which have been used in scaffolds due to its integrin‐binding sites for cell adhesion and differentiation 88,92‐94 . This protein was electrospun easily and was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde to improve water‐resistant ability 35,95 .…”