Development of a Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry Method to Study Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Emitted by Lavender Roots

Abstract

A headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) method combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed and optimized for the extraction and the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from lavandin and fine lavender roots. Optimal parameters to extract volatile molecules from ground and intact roots were determined using a divinylbenzene‐carboxen‐polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) coating fiber at 70 °C for 60 min. A total of 99 VOCs, including 40 monoterpenoids, 15 sesquiterpenoids, 1 diterpenoid and 2 coumarins were detected. The main compounds detected in lavandin roots were fenchol, borneol, and coumarin. Performances of the optimized SPME GC/MS method were evaluated via the comparison of VOC emissions between roots from different cultivars of fine lavender (7713 and maillette) and lavandin (abrial and grosso). Chemometric analysis, using partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA), suggests fifteen significant features as potential discriminatory compounds. Among them, β‐phellandrene allows discrimination between lavender and lavandin varieties.

Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry studies of alkanethiol self‐assembled monolayers on nanoporous gold surfaces

“…DVB‐Carboxen‐PDMS fiber showed higher extraction efficiency for most detected compounds (at different extraction times) compared with that of Carboxen‐PDMS. This observation agrees with the findings of many other studies, where DVB‐Carboxen‐PMDS fiber was used for the extraction of volatile and semivolatile compounds with different molar weights and polarities 31–34 . Porous gold SPME (PG‐SPME) has shown an increase in the peak areas of almost all extracted compounds compared with that of the commercial fibers (Table 1).…”

“…The obtained desorption temperature results agree with the previous studies conducted by other researchers including Schlenoff et al 29 and Nuzzo et al [32][33][34] nanoporous gold SPME is due to the high affinity of alkanethiols, dialkyl sulfides, and dialkyl disulfides to gold (see Table 1). The intensities of detected dialkyl sulfides and dialkyl disulfides were higher than those of alkanethiols, as alkanethiols are more favorable to be adsorbed (at high temperatures) on gold as dialkyl disulfides.…”

“…This observation agrees with the findings of many other studies, where DVB-Carboxen-PMDS fiber was used for the extraction of volatile and semivolatile compounds with different molar weights and polarities. [31][32][33][34] Porous gold SPME (PG-SPME) has shown an increase in the peak areas of almost all extracted compounds compared with that of the commercial fibers (Table 1). Alkanethiols, dialkyl sulfides, and dialkyl disulfides reached a state of equilibrium after 40 min of using the PG-SPME, which is faster than the tested commercial SPME fibers because of the high affinity of sulfur-containing compounds to gold.…”

Field analyses of lavender volatile organic compounds: performance evaluation of a portable gas chromatography–mass spectrometry device

“…Interestingly, in a metabolomic study comparing the emissions of different lavender and lavender roots in the laboratory, β‐phellandrene was shown to be involved in the discrimination between lavender ( maillette , 7713 ) and lavandin ( grosso , abrial ) root species 23 . In our study, β‐phellandrene ( 6 ) was also identified as a marker emitted in greater quantities by the above‐ground parts of lavender.…”

Effect of Organic Fertilizers on Selected Health Beneficial Bioactive Compounds and Aroma Profile of Red Topepo Sweet Pepper

“…A DVB/CAR/PDMS (divinylbenzene/carboxene/polydimethylsiloxane) fiber was chosen [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ], taking into account a recent study [ 30 ] that concerned the development of a SPME-GC/MS quantitative method to detect alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines (3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrazine, 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine, and 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine) a class of volatile organic compounds which are the impact compounds of the character of the genus Capsicum [ 31 ].…”