Development of a Glucose Sensor Based on Glucose Dehydrogenase Using Polydopamine-Functionalized Nanotubes

Abstract

The electrochemical-based detection of glucose is widely used for diagnostic purposes and is mediated by enzyme-mediated signal transduction mechanisms. For such applications, recent attention has focused on utilizing the oxygen-insensitive glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) enzyme in place of the glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme, which is sensitive to oxygen levels. Currently used Ru-based redox mediators mainly work with GOx, while Ru(dmo–bpy)2Cl2 has been proposed as a promising mediator that works with GDH. However, there remains an outstanding need to improve Ru(dmo–bpy)2Cl2 attachment to electrode surfaces. Herein, we report the use of polydopamine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PDA-MWCNTs) to effectively attach Ru(dmo–bpy)2Cl2 and GDH onto screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) without requiring a cross–linker. PDA-MWCNTs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), while the fabrication and optimization of Ru(dmo–bpy)2Cl2/PDA-MWCNT/SPCEs were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The experimental results demonstrate a wide linear range of glucose-concentration-dependent responses and the multi-potential step (MPS) technique facilitated the selective detection of glucose in the presence of physiologically relevant interfering species, as well as in biological fluids (e.g., serum). The ease of device fabrication and high detection performance demonstrate a viable pathway to develop glucose sensors based on the GDH enzyme and Ru(dmo–bpy)2Cl2 redox mediator and the sensing strategy is potentially extendable to other bioanalytes as well.

Chronoampermetric detection of enzymatic glucose sensor based on doped polyindole/MWCNT composites modified onto screen-printed carbon electrode as portable sensing device for diabetes

“…The current change ratios of CHI-GOx/APTES/1.5%MWCNT-dPIn are 5.25, 7.56, 64.45, −12.97, −10.62, for the AA, LA, UA, K + , Na + , respectively. The NaCl and KCl show negative responses; the current in KCl is lower than in 0.1 M PBS, owing to the electron repulsion with the dPIn or 1.5%MWCNT-dPIn on the surface of SPCE 65 …”

Recent progress and future perspectives of polydopamine nanofilms toward functional electrochemical sensors

“…The latter does not adhere well to the electrode surfaces, so efforts have been made to improve such fixation. Thus, Jeon’s group [ 65 ] developed a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with a PDA-MWCNT suspension to effectively attach the GDH enzyme and promote glucose detection, with dopamine being polymerized by the solution oxidation method. The modification promoted better fixation of the enzyme and mediator due to the presence of amine and catechol groups present in the PDA structure.…”

Formation of MnO2-based electrodes with high catalytic activity on the surface of ITO for glucose detection

“…It is likely that this effect is achieved due to the presence of Mn +2 particles, adsorbed on the surface of the deposit during the electrodeposition process. They interact with Mn +4 and form MnO(OH) according to reaction (6) [28].…”

“…The samples were prepared via CV and CA method. (1, 2) pH1_CV_60 (30 cycles), (3,4) pH1_CV_60 (40 cycles), (5,6) pH1_CV_90, (7, 8) pH1_CA_60, (9, 10) pH1_CA_90, (11,12) pH2_CV_60, (13,14) pH2_CV_90, (15, 16) pH2_CA_60, (17,18) pH2_CA_90, (19,20) pH3.5_CV_60, (21,22) pH3.5_CV_90, (23,24) pH3.5_CA_60, (25,26) pH3.5_CA_90. For details, see main text.…”

“…The development of electrochemical biosensors has been an important area of biotechnology in recent times [1], [2], [3], [4]. Much of the work is devoted to the development of sensors for the determination of glucose [5], [6], [7], [8]. Today, most authors consider an increase in the sensitivity and high selectivity of the working electrodes of biosensors for glucose, the ability to analyse in a wide range of concentrations, and a low working potential to be an important goal.…”