Development of a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for iron extraction and preconcentration in water samples with different salinities

Feasibility of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for extraction and preconcentration of Cu and Fe in red and white wine and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

“…As the best results were found for Fe extraction using pH 3.0, this value was used for subsequent experiments. This pH values are common for carbamate complexes and for most elements the best pH range for the quantitative complexation is between 3 and 5 [15].…”

“…However, the main disadvantage is the generation of high amounts of toxic residues, specially organic solvents [12]. In order to reduce the consumption of toxic solvents, some miniaturized methods derived from LLE have been proposed such as cloud point extraction (CPE) [13], single drop microextraction (SDME) [14], dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [15,16] and others. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction consists in the formation of a ternary system and the extract is achieved using a small volume (about 20 to 100 μL) of solvent, providing high enrichment factors.…”

“…Another advantage of DLLME is the possibility to extract organic [17,18] and inorganic analytes [15,19]. It is important to point out that there is only one work related to element determination in wine samples using DLLME as sample preparation method, but this work proposes only the determination of As and its species [20].…”

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction: An efficient approach for the extraction of Cd and Pb from honey and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

“…The high dispersion of extraction solvent accelerates the analyte extraction and after a centrifugation step is possible to collect the organic phase (extract). [12][13][14] The main characteristics of DLLME are simplicity, low cost, suitable analyte recovery, high preconcentration factors, low solvent consumption and short time for extraction (generally, below 6 min). [15] Although some techniques such as ICP-MS provide low LOD and multielemental capability [16], its acquisition and operational cost is considerably high.…”

Feasibility of DLLME for the Extraction and Preconcentration of As and Cd in Sugar for Further Determination by ICP-MS

“…The main advantages of DLLME are simplicity, low cost, low reagent consumption, high enrichment factors and agreement with green analytical chemistry. 29,30 It should be highlighted that DLLME may be used in combination with different detection techniques, such as ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), 31,32 flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), 33 ICP-OES, 34 and ICP-MS. 35 In this study, a DLLME method was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of toxic elements (As and Cd) in sugar for subsequent determination by ICP-MS. Some important parameters of the DLLME method, such as type and volume of extraction and dispersive solvent, pH of sample solution, chelating agent, sample mass and number of washing steps, were studied.…”