Development of a Decellularized Porcine Bone Matrix for Potential Applications in Bone Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

Aim: The objectives of this study were to develop a new decellularized bone matrix (DBM) and to investigate its effect on the in vitro cell behavior of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), compared with porous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds. Materials & methods: Triton X-100 and deoxycholate sodium solution, combining DNase I and RNase, were used to decellularize porcine bones. The DBM were then characterized by DNA contents and matrix components. hMSCs were then seeded on the DBM and β-TCP scaffolds to study cell behavior. Results: Results showed that most porcine cells were removed and the matrix components of the DBM were maintained. Cell culture results showed that DBM promoted cell attachment and proliferation of hMSCs but did not significantly promote the gene expression of osteogenic genes, compared with β-TCP scaffolds. Conclusion: DBM has similar function on cell behavior to β-TCP scaffolds that have promising potential in bone tissue regeneration.

Criteria, Challenges, and Opportunities for Acellularized Allogeneic/Xenogeneic Bone Grafts in Bone Repairing

“…In confirmation of this finding, Nie et al using acellularized porcine ribs by a chemical (1% Triton X-100 + 0.5% SDC)-enzymatic (150 U/mL DNase + 75 U/mL RNase) approach and the loading of MSCs stem derived from bone marrow were able to increase cell proliferation and adhesion (efficiency 93% in ABGs vs 63% in β-tricalcium phosphate) to strengthen bone mass despite having similar of pore sizes (450–550 μm). However, the expression of ossification genes including ALP, RUNX2, BSP, and OCN on both the ABGs platform and the β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold increased uniformly in the osteogenic medium, which may be related to the culture medium used . Therefore, it seems that the removal of the osteogenic environment can reveal the promising effects of ABGs on osteogenesis.…”

“…Increased cell adhesion in ABGs due to changes in cell morphology can result in higher cell proliferation and more osteoblast cells, resulting in increased bone mass and viable cell mass. 14 In confirmation of this finding, Nie et al 68 using acellularized porcine ribs by a chemical (1% Triton X-100 + 0.5% SDC)-enzymatic (150 U/mL DNase + 75 U/mL RNase) approach and the loading of MSCs stem derived from bone marrow were able to increase cell proliferation and adhesion (efficiency 93% in ABGs vs 63% in β-tricalcium phosphate) to strengthen bone mass despite having similar of pore sizes (450−550 μm). However, the expression of ossification genes including ALP, RUNX2, BSP, and OCN on both the ABGs platform and the β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold increased uniformly in the osteogenic medium, which may be related to the culture medium used.…”

“…However, the expression of ossification genes including ALP, RUNX2, BSP, and OCN on both the ABGs platform and the β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold increased uniformly in the osteogenic medium, which may be related to the culture medium used. 68 Therefore, it seems that the removal of the osteogenic environment can reveal the promising effects of ABGs on osteogenesis. In this field, He et al 14 showed that ABGs derived from porcine bone significantly improved ossification activities when compared to controls by increasing ALP and improving the expression of COL 1, RUNX2, and OCN genes.…”

Bioactive Scaffolds as a Promising Alternative for Enhancing Critical-Size Bone Defect Regeneration in the Craniomaxillofacial Region

“…Scaffolds constituted by decellularized and sometimes also demineralized xenogeneic bone, named decellularized bone matrices (DBM), have been developed and tested in vivo for applications in CMF bone regeneration. , The main advantage of the DBM is that they preserve the bone ECM’s original protein components, ultrastructure, and biomechanical properties. Some drawbacks of DBM are that cell removal from bone, even with sophisticated decellularization processes, is only partially effective, and few xenogeneic cell nuclei may remain in the scaffold constituting potential stimulants of the host immune system or transmitting diseases.…”

Synergistically Promoting Bone Regeneration by Icariin-Incorporated Porous Microcarriers and Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Derived From Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…Specifically, cranial defects are one of the most challenging issues due to their defective characteristics and local environment ( Tang et al, 2016 ; Roseti et al, 2017 ; Charbonnier et al, 2019 ). Although autologous bone grafting is regarded as the “gold standard” for the treatment of bone defects, it has many limitations such as insufficient donor sources, secondary injury and infection risks ( Turnbull et al, 2018 ; Nie et al, 2020 ). Therefore, the design and development of new bone substitutes are urgently needed in the experimental research and clinical orthopaedic applicatiuons ( Karadjian et al, 2019 ).…”