Development of a Cooling System for GAPS using Oscillating Heat Pipe

Fuke, H.; Abe, Takumi; Daimaru, Takuro; Inoue, Taiki; Kawachi, A.; Kawai, Hiroki; Masuyama, Yosuke; Matsumiya, Hiroaki; Matsumoto, Daishi; Miyazaki, Yuji; Mori, Junichi; Nagai, Hiroki; Nonomura, Taku; Ogawa, H.; Okazaki, Shun; Okubo, Takuma; Ozaki, Shinji; Sato, Daisuke; Shimizu, Kensei; Takahashi, Katsumasa; Takahashi, Shun; Yamada, Noboru; Yoshida, Takanori

doi:10.2322/tastj.14.pi_17

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The detectors must provide the large geometric acceptance needed for a rare-event search and operate with a low-power readout. Since the large instrument size precludes the use of a cryostat or pressure vessel, the detectors are designed to operate at flight pressures and at temperatures ∼-40 • C, achievable using an oscillating heat pipe system [5] for cooling. Since the GAPS design calls for > 1000 detectors, a low-cost fabrication method with high yield is also required.…”

Section: Requirements and Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment

et al. 2019

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Large-area lithium-drifted silicon (Si(Li)) detectors, operable 150 • C above liquid nitrogen temperature, have been developed for the General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) balloon mission and will form the first such system to operate in space. These 10 cm-diameter, 2.5 mm-thick multi-strip detectors have been verified in the lab to provide < 4 keV FWHM energy resolution for X-rays as well as tracking capability for charged particles, while operating in conditions (∼-40C and ∼1 Pa) achievable on a long-duration balloon mission with a large detector payload. These characteristics enable the GAPS silicon tracker system to identify cosmic antinuclei via a novel technique based on exotic atom formation, de-excitation, and annihilation. Production and large-scale calibration of ∼1000 detectors has begun for the first GAPS flight, scheduled for late 2021. The detectors developed for GAPS may also have other applications, for example in heavy nuclei identification. Manuscript

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Section: Requirements and Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment

et al. 2019

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“…As an innovative system in long-duration ballooning, the thermal system has been evaluated on scaled-down and full-scale models which have been tested in thermal chambers and on stratospheric balloon flights. A more complete description of the development and testing of the OHP system is given in [18].…”

Section: Thermal Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

GAPS: Searching for Dark Matter using Antinuclei in Cosmic Rays

Bird¹

2019

Proceedings of 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2019)

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“…The leakage current and capacitance of each Si(Li) strip should be lower than 5 nA and ∼40 pF, respectively, to achieve the required energy resolution 4 keV (FWHM) for 20−100 keV characteristic X-rays [15]. To suppress the power consumption, GAPS adopts a newly-developed cooling system for the Si(Li) detectors [16,17]. Considering all thermal and mechanical restrictions for a balloon-craft, the cooling system is designed to cool Si(Li) detectors down to ∼ − 40 • C (−35 • C to −45 • C).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing a mass-production model of large-area Si(Li) detectors with high operating temperatures

Kozai

Fuke

Yamada

et al. 2019

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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This study presents a fabrication process for lithium-drifted silicon (Si(Li)) detectors that, compared to previous methods, allows for mass production at a higher yield, while providing a large sensitive area and low leakage currents at relatively high temperatures. This design, developed for the unique requirements of the General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) experiment, has an overall diameter of 10 cm, with ∼9 cm of active area segmented into 8 readout strips, and an overall thickness of 2.5 mm, with 2.2 mm ( 90%) sensitive thickness. An energy resolution 4 keV full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) for 20−100 keV X-rays is required at the operating temperature ∼ − 40 • C, which is far above the liquid nitrogen temperatures conventionally used to achieve fine energy resolution. High-yield production is also required for GAPS, which consists of 1000 detectors. Our specially-developed Si crystal and custom methods of Li evaporation, diffusion and drifting allow for a thick, large-area and uniform sensitive layer. We find that retaining a thin undrifted layer on the p-side of the detector drastically reduces the leakage current, which is a dominant component of the energy resolution at these temperatures. A guard-ring structure and optimal etching of the detec- tor surface are also confirmed to suppress the leakage current. We report on the mass production of these detectors that is ongoing now, and demonstrate it is capable of delivering a high yield of ∼90%.We present here a high-yield mass production process for lithium-drifted silicon (Si(Li)) detectors that meet the unique requirements of the General Antiparticle Spectrometer (GAPS) experiment. GAPS is a balloon-borne experiment that aims to survey low-energy (<0.25 GeV/n) cosmic-ray antinuclei for the first time, by adopting a novel detection concept based on the physics of exotic atoms [1][2][3][4]. Low-energy cosmic-ray antinuclei, especially antideuterons, are predicted to be distinctive probes for the dark matter annihilation or decay occurring in the Galactic halo [1,[5][6][7][8][9]. Precise measurement of the low-energy antiproton spectra will also provide crucial information on the source and propagation mechanisms of cosmic rays [10][11][12][13]. GAPS sensitivities to antideuterons and antiprotons are discussed in [14] and [13], and capabilities for antihelium detection are being evaluated. The first flight of GAPS via a NASA Antarctic long duration balloon is planned for late 2021.GAPS is comprised of a 1.6 m W × 1.6 m D × 1.0 m H tracker made of Si(Li) detectors surrounded by a time-of-flight (TOF) system made of plastic scintillator paddles. A low-energy antinucleus triggered by the TOF is slowed and captured by the Si(Li) detector array, forming an excited exotic atom with a silicon nucleus. It immediately decays, radiating de-excitation X-rays of characteristic energies. The antinucleus then annihilates with the silicon nucleus, producing pions and protons with a multiplicity that scales with the incident antinucleus mass. The surrounding Si(Li)...

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Development of a Cooling System for GAPS using Oscillating Heat Pipe

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment

Large-area Si(Li) detectors for X-ray spectrometry and particle tracking in the GAPS experiment

GAPS: Searching for Dark Matter using Antinuclei in Cosmic Rays

Developing a mass-production model of large-area Si(Li) detectors with high operating temperatures

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