“…The foundation for the model is the Helmholtz free energy Ψ = Ψ(ε, θ, χ S , N t , ε p , χ r , χ d , B, ε r ) expressed as a function of the total strain ε, temperature θ, martensite volume fraction χ S , transformation strain direction N t , plastic strain ε p , residual martensite χ r , volume fraction of defects χ d , residual stress B and residual strain ε r . Based on a combination of our previous works [13,14], the free energy is expressed as…”