Development of a Chinese Childbearing Attitude Questionnaire for Infertile Women Receiving In Vitro Fertilization Treatment

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to report the second phase of instrument development, a culturally sensitive questionnaire of childbearing attitudes to assess the psychosocial responses of infertile women. Using a nonexperimental quantitative design, we investigated 238 women who are undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment. Data collection and relevant planning occurred in two phases: in-depth interviews of women to generate items for the questionnaire and establishing the questionnaire's content and construct validity. Through factor analysis, five factors were extracted from the "attitude toward childbearing questionnaire": gender identification with self and society, insurance of marriage and inheritance, happy family life, spiritual investment, and continuing the family line and procreation. The total variance of these five factors was 64.31%. Cronbach's α and test-retest reliability were between .72 and .87 and between .60 and .76, respectively, demonstrating acceptable internal consistency and stability. The information obtained through the questionnaire could be used to provide infertile women with personal counseling and appropriate psychological support during and after assisted reproductive technology.

Childbearing importance: A qualitative study of women with infertility in China

“…Childbearing has served as a historical, instrumental, and meaningful way to maintain personal identity and interpersonal integrity in everyday life in Mainland China. Infertility, however, prevented women from realizing values attached to childbearing and short‐circuited ideal interpersonal relationships between self and other institutional entities, including marriage, family and society (Lee et al, ; Peng, Coates, & Maycock, ). In line with Western findings (Ulrich & Weatherall, ), many infertile women perceived that childbearing simultaneously meant to experience motherhood as well as to complete their meaning of life as females.…”

Level of depression, anxiety and stress in patients with intrauterine adhesions in Hunan Province, China: A cross-sectional study

“…High scores suggest that the symptomatology is severe. The recommended cut-offs points for each subscale are as follows: depression [normal (0-9), mild (10)(11)(12)(13), moderate (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), severe (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27), and extremely severe (28+)], anxiety [normal (0-7), mild (8-9), moderate (10)(11)(12)(13)(14), severe (15)(16)(17)(18)(19), and extremely severe (20+)], and stress [normal (0-14), mild (15)(16)(17)(18), moderate (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), severe (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33), and extremely severe (34+)] [14,…”

“…In this study, majority (93.8%) participants had strong fertility desires. In Chinese communities, the culture's emphasis on honouring the family through procreation has contributed to the plight of infertile couples [10]; thus, they are more likely to suffer from anxiety, depression, stress and other psychological distress. Therefore, understanding current psychological wellbeing and factors related to psychological disorders among patients with IUA will help to develop targeted interventions to promote the mental health of our patients.…”

“…With the introduction of the two-child policy and the urgent desire of patients for fertility, IUA as an important cause of secondary infertility has attracted increasing public attention in China. Childbearing is considered as a family obligation in Chinese culture [10]. Women will experience a variety of negative emotions and bear tremendous psychological pressure when reproductive dysfunction occurs.…”

Maternal–foetal attachment during early pregnancy in Taiwanese women pregnant by in vitro fertilization

“…Chinese Childbearing Attitude Questionnaire The Chinese Childbearing Attitude Questionnaire (CCAQ) (Lee et al 2013), a 25-item scale, assessed cultural components and demands related to childbearing attitudes. It considered to be a stable concept, was administered only at 9 weeks gestation.…”