Development of a charcoal paper adenosine triphosphate:pyrophosphate exchange assay: Kinetic characterization of NEDD8 activating enzyme

Journal of Biological Chemistry

Tsu

Gavin

et al. 2011

Self Cite

Ubiquitin-activating enzyme (UAE or E1) activates ubiquitin via an adenylate intermediate and catalyzes its transfer to a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2).Mechanistic studies on Compound I and its purified ubiquitin adduct demonstrate that the proposed substrate-assisted inhibition via covalent adduct formation is entirely consistent with the three-step ubiquitin activation process and that the adduct is formed via nucleophilic attack of UAE thioester by the sulfamate group of Compound I after completion of step 2. Kinetic and affinity analysis of Compound I, MLN4924, and their purified ubiquitin adducts suggest that both the rate of adduct formation and the affinity between the adduct and E1 contribute to the overall potency. Because all E1s are thought to use a similar mechanism to activate their cognate ubiquitin-like proteins, the substrate-assisted inhibition by adenosine sulfamate analogues represents a promising strategy to develop potent and selective E1 inhibitors that can modulate diverse biological pathways.Post-translational modification by ubiquitin plays an essential role in a wide range of cellular processes. One of the most intensively studied pathways is the ubiquitin-proteasome system that attaches a polyubiquitin chain to a lysine residue on a target protein and directs it to proteasome-mediated proteolysis. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a key system responsible for maintaining cellular protein homeostasis, an emerging research area that could potentially transform our understanding of human diseases (1-3). Bortezomib (VELCADE), a proteasome inhibitor, is currently approved in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma and relapsed mantle cell lymphoma (4, 5). The clinical success of bortezomib suggests that targeting other components in the ubiquitin-proteasome system pathway might represent an opportunity to develop novel anti-cancer therapeutics (6 -9).Conjugating ubiquitin to a protein substrate is mediated by an enzymatic cascade initiated by ubiquitin-activating enzyme (UAE) 2 (or Ube1 in humans, also known as E1) (10). Previous mechanistic studies show that, in vitro, UAE activates ubiquitin by a three-step process using ATP as a cofactor (Fig. 1A) (11,12). In step 1, UAE binds ATP and ubiquitin, catalyzes formation of ubiquitin adenylate intermediate, and releases inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i ). The ubiquitin adenylate activates the C-terminal carboxyl group of ubiquitin for nucleophilic substitution. In step 2, the catalytic cysteine residue in UAE attacks the adenylate to form a thioester intermediate (UAE-Sϳubiq-uitin, ϳ denotes the thioester bond between the C-terminal carboxyl group of ubiquitin and Cys 632 of human UAE) with AMP as the by-product. In step 3, UAE-Sϳubiquitin binds another equivalent of ATP and ubiquitin and in a second round of adenylation, forms a UAE-Sϳubiquitin⅐ubiquitin-adenylate ternary complex. Although UAE-Sϳubiquitin is capable of transferring ubiquitin to the conjugating enzyme (E2) via a transthiolation reaction, E1-E2 transthiolation is grea...

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other chemicals were purchased from Sigma. N-terminal His 6 -tagged human Ube1 (UAE, wild-type and C632A mutant) and other E1s were expressed in Sf9 insect cells and purified as described before (18,22). N-terminal glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged UAE or UbcH2 fusion protein and untagged UbcH10 were expressed in E. coli.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Studies of Substrate-assisted Inhibition of Ubiquitin-activating Enzyme by Adenosine Sulfamate Analogues

Journal of Biological Chemistry

Tsu

Gavin

et al. 2011

Self Cite

“…ATP-PP i Exchange Assay-The ATP-PP i exchange assay was performed using a modified protocol developed by Bruzzese et al (27). For titrations and K1 ⁄ 2 determination, substrates were serially diluted 1 in 2 or 1 in 3 across a 96-well plate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1856210). Stock concentrations of UBL proteins were determined spectrophotometrically as described (27). Purified ubiquitin-Compound 1 adduct was generated as described by Chen et al (25).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mechanistic Studies on Activation of Ubiquitin and Di-ubiquitin-like Protein, FAT10, by Ubiquitin-like Modifier Activating Enzyme 6, Uba6

Gavin

Journal of Biological Chemistry

Liao

et al. 2012

Self Cite

Background:The Uba6 pathway and its components play an important role in a variety of biological processes. Results: The mechanism of how Uba6 activates two distinct substrates, ubiquitin and FAT10, was characterized. Conclusion: Uba6 was shown to use a similar mechanism for activating both substrates with a greater affinity for FAT10. Significance: Relative levels of ubiquitin and FAT10 could regulate the Uba6 pathway in cells.

Biochemical Analysis of Protein SUMOylation

Alontaga

Bobkova

2012

CP Molecular Biology

SUMOylation, the covalent attachment of Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) polypeptides to other proteins, is among the most important post-translational modifications that regulate the functional properties of a large number of proteins. SUMOylation is broadly involved in cellular processes such as gene transcription, hormone response, signal transduction, DNA repair and nuclear transport. SUMO modification has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and viral infection. Attachment of a SUMO protein to another protein is carried out in multiple steps catalyzed by three enzymes. This unit describes and discusses the in vitro biochemical methods used for investigating each step of the SUMOylation process. In addition, a high throughput screening protocol is included for the identification of inhibitors of SUMOylation.