Development of a Calix[4]arene Sensor for Soft Metals Based on Nitrile Functionality

Schazmann, Benjamin; O'Malley, Shane; Nolan, Kieran; Diamond, Dermot

doi:10.1080/10610270600837173

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Our group has much experience with ISEs, from developing new ionophores to their applications in environmental, industrial and physiological measurements. 18,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] One of the most successful of these ionophores is a calix [4]arene based sodium ionophore, which we use in the SSB. 32 In our original design of the sensor ISE, we realised that in conjunction with the PVC based working electrode, the reference electrode tip should provide efficient ionic conductivity between the inner filling solution and the passing sweat on the lycra patch with which the sensor makes contact.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A wearable electrochemical sensor for the real-time measurement of sweat sodium concentration

Schazmann¹,

et al. 2010

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We report a new easier method for the quantitative analysis of sodium in human sweat. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time this has been done successfully in a real-time manner. We consolidate sweat stimulation, collection and analysis functions into a single method. This temporal data opens up new possibilities in the study of human physiology, broadly applicable from assessing athletic performance and hydration levels to monitoring Cystic Fibrosis (CF) sufferers. Our compact Sodium Sensor Belt (SSB) consists of a sodium selective Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) integrated into a platform that can be interfaced with the human body during exercise. No skin cleaning regime or sweat storage technology is required as samples is continually wicked from skin to a sensing surface and on to a waste terminal via a fabric pump. After an initial equilibration period, a sodium plateau concentration was reached and monitored continuously. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used as a refe rence method, confirming accuracy. The plateau concentrations observed fell within expected literature ranges, further confirming accuracy. Daily calibration 2 repeatability (n=4) was ±3.0% RSD and over a three month period reproducibility was ±12.1% RSD (n=56). As a further application, we attempted to monitor the sweat of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) sufferers using the same device. We observed high sodium concentrations symptomatic of CF (~60mM Na + ) for 2 CF patients, with no conclusive results for the remaining patients due to their limited exercising capability. The real-time monitoring of hydration levels during physical exercise for health and performance purposes is a particularly promising application for the SSB at present.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A wearable electrochemical sensor for the real-time measurement of sweat sodium concentration

Schazmann¹,

et al. 2010

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“…Yilmaz and co-workers have developed several calix [4]arenecontaining polysiloxane resin systems for the removal of heavy metal ions and dichromate anions [156,[302][303][304]. A polymeric Schiff-base type calix [4]arene (369) containing two nitrile ligating sites at the lower rim was synthesised via a condensation reaction through the upper rim of the calix [4]arene moiety (Fig.…”

Section: Membrane/solid Supportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diamond and co-workers have also investigated the use of potentiometric techniques for the determination of soft metals using calix [4]arenes with nitrile functionality [155,156]. A series of known and novel calix [4]arenes derivatives were prepared as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Electrochemical Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordination chemistry of calix[4]arene derivatives with lower rim functionalisation and their applications

Creaven

Donlon

McGinley

2009

Coordination Chemistry Reviews

206

150

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“…The synthesis of di-urea calix [4] 45 (0.3 g, 0.34 mmol) was added to the suspension. 5 Â 0.1 g batches of NaBH 4 (0.5 g, 13.4 mmol) were added on an hourly basis and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 24 h. NaBH 4 (0.5 g, 13.4 mmol) was added batchwise again and the mixture left for a further 24 h. 20 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 were added and 3 M HCl until the suspended black solid was largely dissolved.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Calixarene Ionophores 1 Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved nitrate sensing using ion selective electrodes based on urea–calixarene ionophores

Schazmann

Diamond

2007

New J. Chem.

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Urea-calix[4]arenes 1 and 2 were synthesised and incorporated into ISE membranes for assessment as sensors for inorganic anions in water. 1 revealed a strong response to all anions following the Hofmeister selectivity order. For ISEs of 2, the response to a portion of the anion series was suppressed, increasing the margin of selectivity of nitrate over chloride, a common interferant of nitrate in fresh and marine water samples. The performance of ISEs containing 2 was compared to commercially available alkylammonium nitrate ion-exchange salts used for nitrate sensing. Our ISEs performed favourably in terms of sensitivity, linear range and LOD with an improved selectivity coefficient over chloride of log K NO 3 À Cl À pot of À3.4, an order of magnitude better than commercially available nitrate ISEs. The pre-conditioning of ISEs in nonprimary chloride salt was essential for obtaining these results.

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Development of a Calix[4]arene Sensor for Soft Metals Based on Nitrile Functionality

Abstract: The current work is amongst the first to examine the potential usefulness of the nitrile functional group in potentiometric analytical sensors for soft metals. Nitrile functionality has hereby been incorporated into a calix

Cited by 15 publications

References 40 publications

A wearable electrochemical sensor for the real-time measurement of sweat sodium concentration

A wearable electrochemical sensor for the real-time measurement of sweat sodium concentration

Coordination chemistry of calix[4]arene derivatives with lower rim functionalisation and their applications

Improved nitrate sensing using ion selective electrodes based on urea–calixarene ionophores

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