Development, Morphology, and Functional Anatomy of the Olfactory Epithelium

Dennis, John C.; Aono, Shelly; Vodyanoy, Vitaly; Morrison, Edward E.

doi:10.1002/9781118971758.ch4

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…Analyzing the activity patterns by computer programs to draw conclusions about specific odorants remains a complex challenge. Even approaches that involve existing olfactory epithelial tissue and placing it on microelectrode arrays, for example, encounter similar issues [ 47 ]. In addition, the preparation effort is very high and the comparability is low, since different signals are obtained depending on the recording area on the epithelium.…”

Section: Basicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Market Perspectives and Future Fields of Application of Odor Detection Biosensors within the Biological Transformation—A Systematic Analysis

et al. 2021

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The technological advantages that biosensors have over conventional technical sensors for odor detection and the role they play in the biological transformation have not yet been comprehensively analyzed. However, this is necessary for assessing their suitability for specific fields of application as well as their improvement and development goals. An overview of biological basics of olfactory systems is given and different odor sensor technologies are described and classified in this paper. Specific market potentials of biosensors for odor detection are identified by applying a tailored methodology that enables the derivation and systematic comparison of both the performance profiles of biosensors as well as the requirement profiles for various application fields. Therefore, the fulfillment of defined requirements is evaluated for biosensors by means of 16 selected technical criteria in order to determine a specific performance profile. Further, a selection of application fields, namely healthcare, food industry, agriculture, cosmetics, safety applications, environmental monitoring for odor detection sensors is derived to compare the importance of the criteria for each of the fields, leading to market-specific requirement profiles. The analysis reveals that the requirement criteria considered to be the most important ones across all application fields are high specificity, high selectivity, high repeat accuracy, high resolution, high accuracy, and high sensitivity. All these criteria, except for the repeat accuracy, can potentially be better met by biosensors than by technical sensors, according to the results obtained. Therefore, biosensor technology in general has a high application potential for all the areas of application under consideration. Health and safety applications especially are considered to have high potential for biosensors due to their correspondence between requirement and performance profiles. Special attention is paid to new areas of application that require multi-sensing capability. Application scenarios for multi-sensing biosensors are therefore derived. Moreover, the role of biosensors within the biological transformation is discussed.

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Section: Basicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Market Perspectives and Future Fields of Application of Odor Detection Biosensors within the Biological Transformation—A Systematic Analysis

et al. 2021

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“…Not surprisingly, early receptors successfully subjected to initial structure determinations or even X-ray crystallography were the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from the electrical organ of the electric ray Torpedo marmorata [ 77 ] and bovine rhodopsin that could be purified from bovine retinas [ 78 ], respectively. Unfortunately, chemosensory tissues, such as main olfactory epithelia, epithelia of vomeronasal organs or gustatory papillae, represent perhaps the worst source for such purification attempts, because of their small sizes, mixed cell and receptor populations interspersed with numerous non-sensory cells and with high, lifelong turnover [ 79 , 80 , 81 ].…”

Section: Different Approaches To Investigate Tas2rsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure-Function Analyses of Human Bitter Taste Receptors—Where Do We Stand?

Behrens

Ziegler

2020

Molecules

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The finding that bitter taste receptors are expressed in numerous tissues outside the oral cavity and fulfill important roles in metabolic regulation, innate immunity and respiratory control, have made these receptors important targets for drug discovery. Efficient drug discovery depends heavily on detailed knowledge on structure-function-relationships of the target receptors. Unfortunately, experimental structures of bitter taste receptors are still lacking, and hence, the field relies mostly on structures obtained by molecular modeling combined with functional experiments and point mutageneses. The present article summarizes the current knowledge on the structure–function relationships of human bitter taste receptors. Although these receptors are difficult to express in heterologous systems and their homology with other G protein-coupled receptors is very low, detailed information are available at least for some of these receptors.

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“…Most rows of nuclei are those of olfactory sensory neurons. Cilia are also present at the epithelial apex of OE, but they are enmeshed within a mucous covering that typically obscures them when viewed by light microscopy ( Dennis et al, 2015 ; Smith & Bhatnagar, 2019 ). OE is generally thicker than non-olfactory types of epithelium ( Smith et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of diceCT and histology for determination of nasal epithelial type

Smith

Corbin

King

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) has emerged as a viable tool for discriminating soft tissues in serial CT slices, which can then be used for three-dimensional analysis. This technique has some potential to supplant histology as a tool for identification of body tissues. Here, we studied the head of an adult fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx) and a late fetal vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) using diceCT and µCT. Subsequently, we decalcified, serially sectioned and stained the same heads. The two CT volumes were rotated so that the sectional plane of the slice series closely matched that of histological sections, yielding the ideal opportunity to relate CT observations to corresponding histology. Olfactory epithelium is typically thicker, on average, than respiratory epithelium in both bats. Thus, one investigator (SK), blind to the histological sections, examined the diceCT slice series for both bats and annotated changes in thickness of epithelium on the first ethmoturbinal (ET I), the roof of the nasal fossa, and the nasal septum. A second trial was conducted with an added criterion: radioopacity of the lamina propria as an indicator of Bowman’s glands. Then, a second investigator (TS) annotated images of matching histological sections based on microscopic observation of epithelial type, and transferred these annotations to matching CT slices. Measurements of slices annotated according to changes in epithelial thickness alone closely track measurements of slices based on histologically-informed annotations; matching histological sections confirm blind annotations were effective based on epithelial thickness alone, except for a patch of unusually thick non-OE, mistaken for OE in one of the specimens. When characteristics of the lamina propria were added in the second trial, the blind annotations excluded the thick non-OE. Moreover, in the fetal bat the use of evidence for Bowman’s glands improved detection of olfactory mucosa, perhaps because the epithelium itself was thin enough at its margins to escape detection. We conclude that diceCT can by itself be highly effective in identifying distribution of OE, especially where observations are confirmed by histology from at least one specimen of the species. Our findings also establish that iodine staining, followed by stain removal, does not interfere with subsequent histological staining of the same specimen.

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Development, Morphology, and Functional Anatomy of the Olfactory Epithelium

Cited by 11 publications

References 128 publications

Market Perspectives and Future Fields of Application of Odor Detection Biosensors within the Biological Transformation—A Systematic Analysis

Market Perspectives and Future Fields of Application of Odor Detection Biosensors within the Biological Transformation—A Systematic Analysis

Structure-Function Analyses of Human Bitter Taste Receptors—Where Do We Stand?

A comparison of diceCT and histology for determination of nasal epithelial type

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