Development, drop, and death.

Riegel, Klaus F.; Riegel, Ruth M.

doi:10.1037/h0032104

Cited by 215 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…Thus, after other socio-demographic factors were controlled for, cognitive performance seemed to be an important factor that affected the return of individuals for follow-up assessments. With respect to those individuals who died during the follow-up period, this is consistent with the terminal drop theory [24], which predicts an abrupt decline in cognitive functioning just before death. Why a lower memory performance affected participation among the "refusal" drop-outs is less obvious but seems consistent with the results of Levin et al [25], who showed that cognitive impairment contributes to attrition bias.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Predictors of attrition in a longitudinal cognitive aging study:The Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS)

Beijsterveldt

Boxtel

Bosma

et al. 2002

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

114

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A large sample of older participants of the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS) were compared to drop-outs at the 3-year follow-up with respect to socio-demographic, health, and cognitive characteristics. In addition, the impact of selective drop-out on measures of cognitive change was examined. To this end, hypothetical scores were estimated for drop-outs by using single and multiple imputation methods. Of the initial sample of 539 subjects, aged 49 years and older at baseline, 116 (22 %) did not return for the follow-up ( n ϭ 32 had died, n ϭ 84 refused participation). Drop-outs who refused to participate in the follow-up were more often women, had lower educational levels, and had lower baseline scores on neurocognitive tests. Follow-up drop-outs who had died were more often men, older, and had a poorer performance on cognitive tests than the follow-up participants. Although follow-up participants and drop-outs differed in terms of socio-demographic and cognitive characteristics, attrition appeared to have little effect on the estimates of cognitive change.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Predictors of attrition in a longitudinal cognitive aging study:The Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS)

Beijsterveldt

Boxtel

Bosma

et al. 2002

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

114

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“…Reaching back to seminal work in the 1960s and 1970s (Kleemeier, 1962;Palmore & Cleveland, 1976;Riegel & Riegel, 1972;Siegler, 1975), it has long been established that latelife changes are often not only influenced by age-related factors, but also by factors related to approaching death. In particular, the terminal decline concept suggests that progressive mechanisms leading towards death fundamentally shape the course and nature of changes that often accompany the last years and months of life.…”

Section: Self-esteem Trajectories At the End Of Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

The nature and correlates of self-esteem trajectories in late life.

Wagner¹,

Gerstorf²,

Hoppmann³

et al. 2013

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Is it possible to maintain a positive perspective on the self into very old age? Empirical research so far is rather inconclusive with some studies reporting substantial self-esteem declines late in life, whereas others report relative stability into old age. In this report, we examine long-term change trajectories in self-esteem in old age and very old age and link them to key correlates in the health, cognitive, self-regulatory, and social domains. To do so, we estimate growth curve models over chronological age and time-to-death using 18-year longitudinal data from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (N = 1,215; age 65-103 at first occasion; M = 78.8 years, SD = 5.9, 45% women). Results revealed that self-esteem was, on average, fairly stable with minor declines only emerging in advanced ages and at the very end of life. Examining the vast between-person differences revealed that lower cognitive abilities and lower perceived control independently related to lower self-esteem. Also, lower cognitive abilities were associated with steeper age-related and mortality-related self-esteem decrements. In our discussion, we consider a variety of challenges that potentially shape selfesteem late in life and highlight the need for more mechanism-oriented research to better understand the pathways underlying stability and change in self-esteem.Word count: 204

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“…Riegel & Riegel, 1972). Moreover, it is reasonable to assume that individuals who dropped out because they died evinced steeper declines than the surviving nonparticipants and study participants because of "terminal decline" (Riegel & Riegel, 1972).…”

Section: Decomposition Of Longitudinal Selectivity Into Mortalityassomentioning

confidence: 99%

The fate of cognition in very old age: Six-year longitudinal findings in the Berlin Aging Study (BASE).

Singer

Verhaeghen

Ghisletta

et al. 2003

Psychology and Aging

250

189

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The authors report full-information longitudinal age gradients in 4 intellectual abilities on the basis of 6-year longitudinal changes in 132 individuals (mean age at T 1 ϭ 78.27, age range ϭ 70 -100) from the Berlin Aging Study. Relative to the cross-sectional parent sample (N ϭ 516, mean age at T 1 ϭ 84.92 years), this sample was positively selected because of differential mortality and experimental attrition. Perceptual speed, memory, and fluency declined with age. In contrast, knowledge remained stable up to age 90, with evidence for decline thereafter. Age gradients were more negative in old old (n ϭ 66, mean age at T 1 ϭ 83.04) than in old (n ϭ 66, mean age at T 1 ϭ 73.77) participants. Rates of decline did not differ reliably between men and women or between participants with high versus low life-history status. They conclude that intellectual development after age 70 varies by distance to death, age, and intellectual ability domain.On the basis of 6-year longitudinal data from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE), the present article investigates the fate of intellectual abilities in old and very old age. Specifically, its goal is to examine six themes in cognitive aging research: (a) the magnitude of mortality-associated and experimental selectivity effects and their relation to age, (b) the degree of convergence between crosssectional and longitudinal age gradients, (c) the ability-specific differences in the magnitude of age-based changes in the longitudinal sample, (d) the acceleration of decline in old-old age, (e) the relation of gender and life-history variables to level and longitudinal change in intellectual functioning, and (f) the differential association of the fluid mechanics and crystallized pragmatics of intelligence with measures of cultural versus biological indicators. In addition to the description of age changes in intellectual functioning in very old age, we also illustrate methodological issues associated with both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies involving old and very old individuals.The present study is closely related to other in-depth longitudinal investigations of intelligence in old and very old age, such as the Australian Longitudinal Study (Anstey, Luszcz, Giles, & Andrews, 2001;Anstey, Luszcz, & Sanchez, 2001), the Seattle Longitudinal Study (Schaie, 1996), the Victoria Longitudinal Study (Hultsch, Hertzog, Dixon, & Small, 1998), and the Kungsholmen project on a population 75 years and over (Hill, Wahlin, Winblad, & Bäckman, 1995; for other longitudinal studies with the focus on old age, see also Colsher & Wallace, 1991;Giambra, Arenberg, Zonderman, Kawas, & Costa, 1995;Schaie & Hofer, 2001;Sliwinski & Buschke, 1999;Zelinski & Burnight, 1997). At the same time, it differs from most of these earlier investigations by a combination of three features: (a) the effect-sized-based quantification of selection effects, (b) the decomposition of these effects into mortality-associated and study components (experimental attrition), and (c) the statistical comparisons of cross-secti...

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Development, drop, and death.

Cited by 215 publications

References 65 publications

Predictors of attrition in a longitudinal cognitive aging study:The Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS)

Predictors of attrition in a longitudinal cognitive aging study:The Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS)

The nature and correlates of self-esteem trajectories in late life.

The fate of cognition in very old age: Six-year longitudinal findings in the Berlin Aging Study (BASE).

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