Development and Validation of the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire

Cohodes, Emily M.; Preece, David A.; McCauley, Sarah; Rogers, Marisa K.; Gross, James J.; Gee, Dylan G.

doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00759-9

Cited by 19 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In the current special issue, parent or child gender was directly tested in the analyses in eight articles (Berla et al, 2021;Cohodes et al, 2021;Fredrick & Luebbe, 2021;Mckee et al, 2021;Oddo et al, 2020;Otterpohl et al, 2021;Price & Kiel, 2021;Trent et al, 2021) and included as a covariate in five articles (Breaux et al, 2021;Byrd et al, 2021;Jordan et al, 2021;Valentino et al, 2021;Watson et al, 2021). Additionally, two studies included only female children (McKone et al, 2021;White et al, 2021) and many studies included only mothers (Table 1).…”

Section: Parent and Child Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Transdiagnostic Implications of Parental Socialization of Child and Adolescent Emotional Development: Commentary and Future Directions

Chronis‐Tuscano

Bui

Lorenzo

2021

Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol

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This special issue consists of 23 articles focusing on parent socialization of emotion in children and adolescents as a transdiagnostic factor for the development of psychopathology. The papers in this special issue span various emotion socialization domains, methodologies, ages, and clinical and non-clinical populations, highlighting the promise, as well as complexities of, such transactional work. Our goals for this commentary include synthesizing the articles, highlighting common themes, and suggesting future research initiatives involving measurement, developmental, and cultural considerations. It is our hope that the research presented in this special issue will inspire future, high-quality research on this topic and ultimately improve outcomes for children and adolescents at risk for poor emotion regulation and psychopathology.

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Section: Parent and Child Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Transdiagnostic Implications of Parental Socialization of Child and Adolescent Emotional Development: Commentary and Future Directions

Chronis‐Tuscano

Bui

Lorenzo

2021

Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol

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“…Additional secondary measures of parenting will be used to assess the mean change in family relationship quality across time points (T1 to T2 and T1 to T3). Parental assistance with child emotion regulation will be measured using the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation scale (PACER), a self-report measure of how parents use strategies to assist children with regulating their emotions [ 61 ]. Participant scores are summed to obtain a total score ranging from 50 to 350, with higher scores indicating greater engagement in strategies that support child emotion regulation.…”

Section: Methods: Participants Interventions and Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary outcome of change in depression symptoms will be assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [ 57 ]. Secondary outcomes include changes in anxiety symptoms , assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7) [ 59 ], family relationship quality , assessed with the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) [ 61 ], the Social Support Effectiveness Questionnaire (SSEQ) [ 64 ], and the Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI) [ 65 ], parenting , assessed using the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) [ 60 ], the Parenting Scale [ 62 ], and the Parenting Young Children (PARYC) measure [ 63 ], and maternal functioning assessed using a variety of validated self-report questionnaires for mental health symptoms, including the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anger Subscale [ 66 ], the Self-Compassion Scale Short-Form [ 67 ], the PROMIS Sleep Disturbance Scale [ 69 ], the Depression Symptom Index Suicidality Subscale [ 70 ], the Single Item Self-Esteem Scale [ 68 ], the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) [ 71 ], and the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test – Revised (CUDIT-R) [ 72 ]. There will also be additional measures of suicidality and self-harm, depression persistence, recent stressful experiences, mental health medication and service use, and an additional measure of substance use, which have been developed for the BEAM project.…”

Section: Methods: Participants Interventions and Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building Emotional Awareness and Mental Health (BEAM): study protocol for a phase III randomized controlled trial of the BEAM app-based program for mothers of children 18–36 months

Xie

Simpson

Reynolds

et al. 2022

Trials

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Background The prevalence of maternal depression and anxiety has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and pregnant individuals are experiencing concerningly elevated levels of mental health symptoms worldwide. Many individuals may now be at heightened risk of postpartum mental health disorders. There are significant concerns that a cohort of children may be at-risk for impaired self-regulation and mental illness due to elevated exposure to perinatal mental illness. With both an increased prevalence of depression and limited availability of services due to the pandemic, there is an urgent need for accessible eHealth interventions for mothers of young children. The aims of this trial are to evaluate the efficacy of the Building Emotion Awareness and Mental Health (BEAM) app-based program for reducing maternal depression symptoms (primary outcome) and improve anxiety symptoms, parenting stress, family relationships, and mother and child functioning (secondary outcomes) compared to treatment as usual (TAU). Methods A two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) with repeated measures will be used to evaluate the efficacy of the BEAM intervention compared to TAU among a sample of 140 mothers with children aged 18 to 36 months, who self-report moderate-to-severe symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. Individuals will be recruited online, and those randomized to the treatment group will participate in 10 weeks of psychoeducation modules, an online social support forum, and weekly group teletherapy sessions. Assessments will occur at 18–36 months postpartum (pre-test, T1), immediately after the last week of the BEAM intervention (post-test, T2), and at 3 months after the intervention (follow-up, T3). Discussion eHealth interventions have the potential to address elevated maternal mental health symptoms, parenting stress, and child functioning concerns during and after the COVID-19 pandemic and to provide accessible programming to mothers who are in need of support. This RCT will build on an open pilot trial of the BEAM program and provide further evaluation of this evidence-based intervention. Findings will increase our understanding of depression in mothers with young children and reveal the potential for long-term improvements in maternal and child health and family well-being. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.govNCT05306626. Registered on April 1, 2022

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“…Controlling or modifying emotions is a vital part of self-regulation, and it is necessary to examine the role of parents. This research aimed to adapt a novel and comprehensive scale developed by Cohodes et al (2021) into Turkish, which is used to examine how parents assist their children in regulating their emotions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Cohodes et al (2021), although there are measurements to evaluate parents' beliefs and behaviors in various ways, a measurement specific to the parental support in emotion regulation processes with a wide range of ages is still required. To accomplish this, "Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire", was designed to measure how parents assist children's employment of emotion regulation strategies for negative emotions, with 50 items and ten subscales.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

How parents assist children’s emotion regulation in Turkey: The Turkish adaptation of the parental assistance with child emotion regulation (PACER) questionnaire

et al. 2022

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Parents play a critical role in emotional socialization and the development of emotion regulation during childhood. The tools to measure how parents assist children's emotion regulation are very limited. The Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire is a novel scale developed for this purpose with excellent psychometric properties. The aim of this study is to adapt the PACER to Turkish and investigate its psychometric properties in the Turkish cultural setting. The data were collected from 700 parents who have children aged birth to 17 years. In addition to the PACER, participants filled out some scales about their own beliefs and behaviors, also their children's psychological symptoms. We confirmed the original ten-factor structures of the PACER in a Turkish sample and the measurement invariance supported the PACER's structure across subgroups. The high internal consistencies of factors were achieved; however, the test-retest reliability was lower than expected. The factors of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (e.g., rumination, expressive suppression, avoidance) were positively associated with parents' own emotion regulation deficit, symptoms, and child's symptoms, while others (e.g., reappraisal, problem-solving) were negatively associated with them. Overall, our results suggest that the Turkish version of the PACER is a psychometrically valid and reliable measurement to assess how parents support their children to regulate their emotions. We believe that this adaptation allows the scale to be used in developmental and clinical psychology studies and will pave the way for cross-cultural studies.

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Development and Validation of the Parental Assistance with Child Emotion Regulation (PACER) Questionnaire

Cited by 19 publications

References 45 publications

Transdiagnostic Implications of Parental Socialization of Child and Adolescent Emotional Development: Commentary and Future Directions

Transdiagnostic Implications of Parental Socialization of Child and Adolescent Emotional Development: Commentary and Future Directions

Building Emotional Awareness and Mental Health (BEAM): study protocol for a phase III randomized controlled trial of the BEAM app-based program for mothers of children 18–36 months

How parents assist children’s emotion regulation in Turkey: The Turkish adaptation of the parental assistance with child emotion regulation (PACER) questionnaire

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