Development and validation of the canine visual function instrument

Miller, William; Parisi, Domenico

doi:10.1111/vop.12551

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Furthermore, vision was usually evaluated via a menace response and a patient's navigation abilities in the examination room as documented by notes in the medical record, but a standardized method of testing would be preferable. A prospective study that strictly defined poor surgical candidates and provided a uniform method for vision evaluation, whether assessed by the owner, for example, using the Canine Visual Function Instrument along with structured assessment by the ophthalmologist, or assessed by objective testing of visual behavior may provide more broadly applicable results …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of outcomes in cataractous eyes of dogs undergoing phacoemulsification versus eyes not undergoing surgery

Krishnan

Hetzel

McLellan

et al. 2019

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective To compare outcomes of surgical intervention and nonsurgical management of canine cataracts. Methods Records of patients examined for cataracts from January 2007 to February 2018 were divided into two groups: nonsurgical and surgical. The nonsurgical group was further subdivided based on whether the decision not to pursue surgery was elected by owners, or based on ophthalmologist's advice. Inclusion criteria included 6 months of follow‐up. Success in the nonsurgical group was defined as a comfortable eye with no potentially painful complications, and success in the surgical group additionally required vision. Time‐to‐failure (complications) was assessed with Cox proportional hazards models. Results A total of 72 eyes (41 dogs) were included in the nonsurgical group, and 126 eyes (67 dogs) were surgically treated. There was no difference in gender or age; however, the surgical group had significantly more diabetic eyes (56.3% vs 15.3%; P < .001) and patient eyes with longer follow‐up times (median 37.6 months vs 22.1 months; P < .001) than the nonsurgical group. There was no statistically significant difference in complication rates between the nonsurgical group (15/72 [20.8%]) and the surgical group (23/126 [18.3%]; HR: 2.22 [0.97, 5.0]; P = .060). However, the complication rate in the ophthalmologist‐led nonsurgical group was significantly greater than in the owner‐led nonsurgical group (P = .019) and the surgical group (P = .002). Conclusions When using relevant outcomes, whether or not a cataractous eye has surgery does not affect long‐term complications; additionally, nonsurgical eyes that are poor surgical candidates have a higher complication rate than eyes deemed suitable for phacoemulsification for which owners elected not to pursue cataract surgery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of outcomes in cataractous eyes of dogs undergoing phacoemulsification versus eyes not undergoing surgery

Krishnan

Hetzel

McLellan

et al. 2019

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…Further support for content validity was provided by the similarity between VIS questions and those used in the final section of the recently described canine visual function instrument . This section comprises 12 questions, and was “designed to seek information from dog owners about how the quality of vision might interfere with the ability of their dogs to execute specific activities.”…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We hypothesized that dog owners could provide similar answers about the performance of daily activities in a similar way to a child's parent/guardian and that these could form the basis of a visual impairment scale to inform the measurement of functional vision. A recently published questionnaire for dog owners, the Canine Visual Function Instrument contains five sections of which only one concerns activity, but there is no published information relating to the contribution of activity to the total score.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a vision impairment score for the assessment of functional vision in dogs: Initial evidence of validity, reliability, and responsiveness

Graham

Reid

Whittaker³

et al. 2019

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Aim:To describe the development and initial validation of a questionnaire measuring functional vision in dogs. Methods: A 17-item survey was designed to quantify functional vision in dogs. The Vision Impairment Score (VIS) was determined by summing responses to each question. Questions were assigned to one of five subcategories: overall vision, daily activities, peripheral vision, near vision, and distance vision. Content validity was established during development phases, and construct validity via comparing results of known groups (blind vs sighted; normal vs impaired vision; surgery to improve vision vs nonrestorative surgery), and through factor analysis. Concurrent criterion validity was determined with use of a validated health-related quality-of-life (HRQL) assessment tool. Reliability and responsiveness assessments were investigated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and effect size (ES), respectively. Results: Responses (221) from 201 dog owners were included. Compared to sighted dogs (n = 153), blind dogs (n = 48) had a higher VIS and greater impairment in all subcategories. Among sighted dogs, a higher VIS was obtained in dogs with low vision compared to those with normal vision (P < 0.001). A higher VIS was associated with poorer HRQL (P < 0.001). Perfect reliability was obtained for 6/17 questions, and excellent reliability for 11/17 questions (intraclass correlation 1.0 and >0.9, respectively), and the VIS was highly responsive to therapeutic intervention (effect size 1.46). Conclusion: Results suggest the VIS may be clinically useful in assessing and obtaining a quantifiable measure of functional vision in dogs. Ongoing validation of the tool for clinical use is needed. K E Y W O R D S canine, functional vision assessment, functional vision questionnaire, health-related quality of life, vision impairment score, vision-related quality of life

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“…, Schmid & Wildsoet , Cameron et al . ) and other preliminary tools (Miller & Parisi ) to measure vision has been described, yet there is no “gold standard” measure of VA or visual function in dogs. Establishing validity of our test as a measure of VA is therefore difficult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This pilot study suggests clinical use of a FPL task may be of similar use in dogs. The use of optokinetic nystagmus (Bloom & Berkley 1977, Ezeh et al 1990, Schmid & Wildsoet 1998, Cameron et al 2013) and other preliminary tools (Miller & Parisi 2018) to measure vision has been described, yet there is no "gold standard" measure of VA or visual function in dogs. Establishing validity of our test as a measure of VA is therefore difficult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A forced‐choice preferential looking task for the assessment of vision in dogs: pilot study

Graham

Byosiere

Feng

et al. 2018

J of Small Animal Practice

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Objectives To describe preliminary use of a forced‐choice preferential looking task for the clinical assessment of vision in dogs. Materials and Methods The vision of 18 pet dogs was investigated in two separate studies using a forced‐choice preferential looking task: multiple observers watched eye, head and body movements on video recordings to identify cues suggesting when a dog had seen the feature of interest. Human observer reliability was determined using eight dogs and computer‐generated stimuli. Visual acuity was assessed using computer‐generated grating stimuli: in real‐time, an observer watched each dog's eye movement patterns and behaviour to decide whether each grating was seen. Stimuli were presented in a step‐wise manner and were controlled by the observer. Acuity was estimated as the highest spatial frequency the dog was determined to have seen. Results Median estimated visual acuity was better at 1 m compared to that at 3 m. Average test time was longer at a 3‐m distance than at 1 m. Inter‐ and intra‐observer reliability was better from 1 m than from 3 m. Clinical Significance Preliminary use of a forced‐choice preferential looking task for measurement of visual acuity in dogs has potential use as a clinical tool for the assessment of vision in dogs.

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Development and validation of the canine visual function instrument

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

Comparison of outcomes in cataractous eyes of dogs undergoing phacoemulsification versus eyes not undergoing surgery

Comparison of outcomes in cataractous eyes of dogs undergoing phacoemulsification versus eyes not undergoing surgery

Development of a vision impairment score for the assessment of functional vision in dogs: Initial evidence of validity, reliability, and responsiveness

A forced‐choice preferential looking task for the assessment of vision in dogs: pilot study

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