Development and validation of the mirror image comfort and avoidance scale (MICAS)

Freysteinson, Wyona M.; Keele, Rebecca; Yeatts, Paul E.; Douglas, Denika; Reeves, Kristin; Celia, Tania; Crisp, Sandy; Gonzalez, Kimberly; Du, Jinlan

doi:10.1080/09638288.2021.1945691

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Current body image and satisfaction scales vaguely capture the mirror viewing experience and provide minimal discussion about the impact mirror viewing can have on women undergoing a mastectomy. The development of instruments that examine the mirror viewing experience, such as the Mirror Image Comfort and Avoidance Scale (MICAS; Freysteinson et al, 2021), is needed. The lack of quantitative studies in this review emphasizes the need for interventional studies to better understand this phenomenon, including how mirror use impacts body image, appearance satisfaction, body comfort, self‐care and quality of life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mirror viewing experience of women undergoing a mastectomy: An integrative review

Tyner

Freysteinson

2023

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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Aims:To appraise the current literature on the mirror viewing experience of women undergoing a mastectomy.Design: Whittemore and Knafl's approach to integrative reviews, Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis, and PRISMA guidelines were utilized for this review.Data Sources: A systematic search of primary peer-reviewed articles from April 2012 to 2022 was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete and Google Scholar databases.Review Methods: Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria (15 qualitative and 3 quantitative) and were appraised using the Johns Hopkins evidence-based practice appraisal instrument.Results: Five themes describing the mirror viewing experience were revealed: Mirror viewing motives, mirror viewing preparedness, mirror viewing experience, mirror comfort/avoidance and women's mirror viewing recommendations. Conclusion:The review findings were found to align with Freysteinson's Neurocognitive Mirror Viewing Model highlighting the occurrence of short-term memory disruptions and an autonomic nervous system response that can lead women to experience a flight/fright or faint response, mirror trauma and mirror avoidance when looking at themselves in the mirror after a mastectomy.Impact: Women reported feeling unprepared to look at themselves in the mirror, with some experiencing shock and emotional distress, which led to mirror avoidance behaviours as a way to cope with their new body image. Nursing interventions aimed at improving women's mirror viewing experiences may help mitigate this autonomic nervous system response and minimize mirror trauma and mirror avoidance. Preparing women to view themselves in the mirror for the first time may help reduce psychological distress and body image disturbances in women undergoing a mastectomy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mirror viewing experience of women undergoing a mastectomy: An integrative review

Tyner

Freysteinson

2023

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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“…On the contrary, participants expressed appreciation that this personal experience was being studied (i.e. Freysteinson, 1994;Freysteinson et al, 2012;Freysteinson et al, 2014;Freysteinson et al, 2017;Freysteinson et al, 2018;Freysteinson, Sarbacker, et al, 2021;Freysteinson, Keele, et al, 2021). As such, we are not shocked to see significant 'shame' and 'stigma' concerns or the suggestion that mirrors should not be used in this population.…”

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confidence: 98%

Response to the letter to the editor: The mirror and obesity: A systematic review on the effects of mirror exposure on behaviour and obese individuals

Omondi

Freysteinson

2023

Journal of Clinical Nursing

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We thank you for the thoughtful and elaborate comments about our systematic review of obesity and the use of a mirror as an intervention. Obesity is one of the leading causes of health issues in the United States. Our paper's primary purpose was to offer insight into mirror interventions that may help combat obesity. Dr.Freysteinson has been studying the experience of viewing oneself in a mirror-an essential aspect of one's environment-for 30 years. In the United States, there is an abundance of mirrors in homes, motels, restrooms, cars, stores, etc. In addition, highly reflective surfaces, that is windows, provide a mirror image. Smartphones offer a virtual

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“My body, my choice”: A qualitative study of women’s mastectomy with flat closure experiences

et al. 2023

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Development and validation of the mirror image comfort and avoidance scale (MICAS)

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

The mirror viewing experience of women undergoing a mastectomy: An integrative review

The mirror viewing experience of women undergoing a mastectomy: An integrative review

Response to the letter to the editor: The mirror and obesity: A systematic review on the effects of mirror exposure on behaviour and obese individuals

“My body, my choice”: A qualitative study of women’s mastectomy with flat closure experiences

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