Development and validation of the relational depth frequency scale

Malta, Gina Di; Evans, Chris; Cooper, Mick

doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1585590

Cited by 16 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…The factorial structure of the FunQ was created by adopting a deductive scale development approach (Adèr et al 2008) following similar steps as in previous research (Di Malta et al 2020;Polo et al 2018). That is, the factors were established strictly on the above-referred theories.…”

Section: Construction Of the Funqmentioning

confidence: 99%

FunQ: Measuring the fun experience of a learning activity with adolescents

Tisza

Markopoulos

2021

Curr Psychol

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Researchers and practitioners in learning sciences, educational technology and child-computer interaction often argue that fun is an essential element of learning. Therefore, researchers in the above fields aim to explore how learning activities could be made more enjoyable in order to facilitate engagement in the learning process and to improve the learning outcomes. Despite such wide interest, there has been little systematic effort to define and measure fun. The herein introduced research aims to (a) define the term “fun” and (b) to create a tool for the reliable measurement of it. In the first study testing the initial item pool 75 students (μage = 11.78); in the think-aloud study testing the comprehensibility of the items six 11-year-old children and in the final validation study, 128 students (μage = 12.15) participated. We applied a deductive scale development approach. For the model testing, CFA was used and second-order latent variable models were fitted. In this paper, we conceptualize the term of fun and introduce the final 18-item version of the FunQ that consists of six dimensions (Autonomy, Challenge, Delight, Immersion, Loss of Social Barriers and Stress) and bears with the appropriate validity and reliability measures (ωoverall = 0.875 and ωpartial = 0.864; RMSEA = 0.052 and SRMR = 0.072). We contribute with (a) a review of the literature regarding the concept of fun, (b) a conception of fun as a multidimensional theoretically motivated concept, (c) a multidimensional instrument for assessing experienced fun—the FunQ—and (d) a psychometric evaluation of the proposed instrument. FunQ is put forward as a reliable and much-needed addition to the current palette of instruments.

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Section: Construction Of the Funqmentioning

confidence: 99%

FunQ: Measuring the fun experience of a learning activity with adolescents

Tisza

Markopoulos

2021

Curr Psychol

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“…A psychotherapy scale is different from aforementioned scales in that its content is likely to be less factual and more theoretical, and elicit more emotional, interpersonal, and subjective content. The RDFS is a self-report measure of in-depth relating, designed to assess the temporal frequency of moments of deep connection over the course of therapy (Di Malta et al, 2020). A moment of Relational depth is an intense experience of mutual empathy and congruence that can arise between therapist and client in therapy.…”

Section: Three-step Test-interviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particularly, the scale was designed to assess the relationship between relational depth and therapeutic outcomes in large-scale outcome research and as a routine process measure in clinical settings. The TSTI follows the item generation and ratings, and precedes the empirical testing stage to test the factor structure, reliability, and construct validity of the scale (Di Malta et al, 2020).…”

Section: Three-step Test-interviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Application of the Three-Step Test-Interview (TSTI) in the Validation of the Relational Depth Frequency Scale

Malta

Cooper

Vos

et al. 2020

Journal of Humanistic Psychology

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The main objective of this study is to evaluate the utility of a new qualitative scale development methodology—Three-Step Test-Interview (TSTI)—in its first application in the validation of a psychotherapy scale: The Relational Depth Frequency Scale (RDFS). The TSTI is a cognitive pretesting method designed to uncover potential problems in scale construction. The RDFS is a six-item unidimensional scale of in-depth therapeutic relating, designed for use in large-scale outcome studies. Following the creation of an item pool and “expert ratings,” a purposive sample of four therapists and four clients (five females, three males, mean age: 49 years) was recruited to take part in the TSTI with the view to refine the original 36-item RDFS prior to psychometric exploration. Structured observations pointed to problems in test-takers’ patterns of responses in relation to theoretical knowledge of the relational depth construct. Issues uncovered and addressed included some misinterpretations of instructions and items, redundant content, double-barreled items, and test-takers’ reactions to intimate content wording. The method supported the refinement of the RDFS including amendment to its instructions and the removal of problematic items. TSTI results produced knowledge on the scale which could not be captured with statistical methods.

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“…The real relationship is ‘the personal relationship existing between two or more people as reflected in the degree to which each is genuine with the other and perceives the other in ways that befit the other’ (Gelso et al, 2005, p. 641). Mutuality has been defined as the bidirectional experiencing of Rogers' (1957) core conditions of empathy, congruence and positive regard (Di Malta et al, 2020). Mearns and Cooper (2005, 2018) indicated relational depth as a further quality of the therapeutic interaction (see also Di Malta et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic relationship and professional burnout in psychotherapists: A structural equation model approach

Zarzycka

Jankowski

Krasiczyńska³

2021

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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Previous studies on the therapists' burnout have focused on individual and environmental risk factors. This study aimed to analyse whether variables reflecting therapeutic relationship-the therapist experience of relational depth and quality of the therapeutic relationship-can be related to psychotherapist burnout. Four alternative path models were examined. A total of 101 humanistic-experiential psychotherapists, aged between 29 and 86 years, participated in the research. The Relational Depth Frequency Scale, the Scale to Assess the Therapeutic Relationship, the Psychological Well-Being Scale and the Link Burnout Questionnaire were applied to the research. The results showed that relational depth and therapeutic quality correlated negatively with psychotherapist burnout. Relational depth is the main predictor of psychological well-being and psychotherapist burnout through its effect on therapeutic quality. The experiences of relational depth, primarily of person-centred therapists, have positive psychological potential in predicting lower professional burnout.

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Development and validation of the relational depth frequency scale

Cited by 16 publications

References 39 publications

FunQ: Measuring the fun experience of a learning activity with adolescents

FunQ: Measuring the fun experience of a learning activity with adolescents

An Application of the Three-Step Test-Interview (TSTI) in the Validation of the Relational Depth Frequency Scale

Therapeutic relationship and professional burnout in psychotherapists: A structural equation model approach

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