Development and Validation of the PAIR (Pharmacotherapy Assessment in Chronic Renal Disease) Criteria to Assess Medication Safety and Use Issues in Patients With CKD

Pharmacist Web-Based Training Program on Medication Use in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Impact on Knowledge, Skills, and Satisfaction

“…19 This may partly explain the high prevalence of the PAIR DRPs in this patient population. When the PAIR criteria were applied in the ProFiL pilot study, 24 an average 2.5 DRPs were identified per patient; the most prevalent were uncontrolled blood pressure (70% of patients), suboptimal adherence to pharmacotherapy (50%), and inappropriate use of over-the-counter medications and natural products (30%). However, a brief, well-structured training program is sufficient to improve their short-term knowledge and clinical skills.…”

“…The development of the PAIR criteria has been described in detail elsewhere. 24 Briefly, a list of 83 DRPs was presented to 12 experts (4 hospital pharmacists, 2 community pharmacists, 4 nephrologists, and 2 family physicians). Using the RAND appropriateness method, 22,23 in light of the literature and their own clinical experience, they discussed and rated the DRPs to identify clinically significant DRPs requiring the intervention of a community pharmacist.…”

“…The PAIR criteria include 50 clinically significant DRPs requiring pharmacist intervention. 24 Thereafter, a training program was developed to familiarize community pharmacists with the PAIR criteria. To overcome the time constraints and geographical isolation that many community pharmacists face, 25,26 we chose an interactive Web-based format.…”

New models of chronic kidney disease care including pharmacists

“…Consensus papers further defining the role of clinical pharmacists in kidney transplantation and in nephrology have been published [49;50]. Other models of CKD pharmacy care have incorporated pharmacy technicians to generate medication histories for hemodialysis patients, an important component in the medication reconciliation process [51], and employed community pharmacists to identify MRPs in CKD patients using a standard set of criteria [52]. …”

Standards of Clinical Practice for Renal Pharmacists

“…48 However, that list of DTPs was based on interventions by community pharmacists. The specialized renal pharmacists have the advantage of access to patient care records and have developed trusting relationships with the nephrologists, both of which facilitate optimization of medication therapy.…”