Development and validation of the State Hope Scale.

Snyder, C. R.; Sympson, Susie C.; Ybasco, Florence C.; Borders, Tyrone F.; Babyak, Michael A.; Higgins, Raymond L.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.321

Cited by 1,766 publications

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“…As such, state hope was included so as to document how it augments the prediction of cross-country achievement beyond dispositional hope. This 6-item measure of state hope comprises three agency items and three pathways items (Snyder, Sympson, et al, 1996). The items are reworded from the dispositional Hope Scale so as to tap the present tense (e.g., two agency items are "At the present time, I am energetically pursuing my goals," and "At this time, I am meeting the goals that I have set for myself;" two pathways items are "There are lots of ways around any problem that T am facing now," and "I can think of many ways to reach my current goals").…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Expanding on this unidimensional model, Snyder and his colleagues (Snyder, 1994a(Snyder, , 1994bSnyder, Harris, et al, 1991;Snyder, Sympson, et al, 1996) have suggested that goal-directed thinking is made up of two necessary components. First, there is pathways thinking, which reflects the person's capacity to conceptualize one or more avenues by which to arrive at the desired goal.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Using this theory of hope, Snyder and his colleagues have developed and validated self-report instruments tapping dispositional hope for children (see Snyder, Hoza, et al, 1997) and adults (see Snyder, Harris, et al, 1991), as well as a state index that measures ongoing hope in adults (see Snyder, Sympson, et al, 1996). Each of these self-report instruments has items reflecting pathways thinking, as well as agentic thinking toward goals.…”

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Role of hope in academic and sport achievement.

Curry¹,

Snyder²,

Cook³

et al. 1997

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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345

223

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Hope is the sum of goal thoughts as tapped by pathways and agency. Pathways reflect the perceived capability to produce goal routes; agency reflects the perception that one can initiate action along these pathways. Using trait and state hope scales, studies explored hope in college student athletes. In Study 1, male and female athletes were higher in trait hope than nonathletes; moreover, hope significantly predicted semester grade averages beyond cumulative grade point average and overall self-worth. In Study 2, with female cross-country athletes, trait hope predicted athletic outcomes; further, weekly state hope tended to predict athletic outcomes beyond dispositional hope, training, and self-esteem, confidence, and mood. In Study 3, with female track athletes, dispositional hope significantly predicted athletic outcomes beyond variance related to athletic abilities and affectivity; moreover, athletes had higher hope than nonathletes.A typical dictionary definition of hope as "a desire and the confident expectation of its fulfillment" captures one of the fundamental reasons that humans enjoy sporting activities (Osterhoudt, 1978). From the First Olympiad in 776 B.C. to neighborhood basketball games to next year's Super Bowl, the athletes' hopes for desired sport goals are pivotal to understanding these activities. Nevertheless, the role of hope has remained unexplored among personality researchers interested in individual differences in motivation, as well as by sport psychologists, largely because a theoretical model of hope and the associated measurement instruments have not been available. Accordingly, on the basis of the recent development of a theory of hope and measurement indices related to this construct, the present series of studies was performed to provide initial information about the role of hope in the academic and sport achievements of college students.Previously, scholarly writings have defined hope as a unidimensional construct involving an overall perception that goals can be met (French, 1952;Lewin, 1935;Stotland, 1969). Expanding on this unidimensional model, Snyder and his col-

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Role of hope in academic and sport achievement.

Curry¹,

Snyder²,

Cook³

et al. 1997

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Self Cite

345

223

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“…However, relative to the other POB concepts in the CHOSE framework (see Luthans, 2002a), hope has been given the least attention. Yet, because hope meets the POB criteria of being state-like (as well as dispositional, see Snyder, 2000) and thus open to development (see Luthans & Jensen, 2002a for specific human resource developmental guidelines), has a valid measure of 'State Hope' (Snyder et al, 1996), and at least considerable indirect and beginning direct evidence of being related to leadership effectiveness and employee performance, hope would seem to be exactly the type of positive psychological capacity for OB that is needed to be further explored and applied. POSITIVE ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 701 Resiliency as a New POB Capacity…”

Section: Hope As the Most Unique Pob Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior

2002

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SummaryThis essay draws from the emerging positive psychology movement and the author's recent articles on the need for and meaning of a positive approach to organizational behavior. Specifically, the argument is made that at this time, the OB field needs a proactive, positive approach emphasizing strengths, rather than continuing in the downward spiral of negativity trying to fix weaknesses. However, to avoid the surface positivity represented by the nonsustainable best-sellers, the case is made for positive organizational behavior (POB) to take advantage of the OB field's strength of being theory and research driven. Additional criteria for this version of POB are to identify unique, state-like psychological capacities that can not only be validly measured, but also be open to development and performance management. Confidence, hope, and resiliency are offered as meeting such POB inclusion criteria. The overall intent of the essay is to generate some positive thinking and excitement for the OB field and 'hopefully' stimulate some new theory building, research, and effective application.

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“…Because scale length was a concern for the organizational leaders, the 12-item version was used that has 4 items representing hope (2 items representing each of the hope mechanisms of pathways thinking and agentic capacity), 3 items representing efficacy, 2 items representing optimism, and 3 items representing resilience. The PCQ items were adapted from published scales on hope (Snyder et al, 1996), efficacy (Parker, 1998), optimism (Scheier & Carver, 1985) and resilience (Wagnild & Young, 1993). The PCQ has both conceptual (Luthans, Youssef & Avolio, 2007) and psychometric support and has been used in previous published research (Avey, Wernsing & Luthans, 2008;.…”

Section: Mediating Variablementioning

confidence: 99%