Development and Validation of Survey Questionnaire & Experimental Data – A Systematical Review-based Statistical Approach

Abstract

In quantitative research methodology, the empirical research method is finding importance due to its effectiveness in carrying out research in social sciences, business management, and health sciences. The empirical research method contains the procedure of developing a model to find the relationship between different variables identified in a problem. Based on developing hypotheses and testing hypotheses, one can examine and improve the model to explain realworld phenomena. The empirical research method consists of using a survey-based questionnaire to collect the data to identify and interrelate variables present in the problem. It is a comparatively difficult task to design and develop an effective, efficient, and psychometrically perfect questionnaire to be used for research data collection in empirical and clinical research settings. This paper provides a reference on guidelines and framework for developing suitable questionnaires for use in social sciences, business management, medical, and paramedical research with a special emphasis on various stages of questionnaire preparation, preliminary questionnaire testing, and validation (reliability & validity) of the questionnaire using a number of statistical methods. The paper throws light on data collection and analysis stages before the finalization of the developed model for testing hypotheses in empirical research by providing guidelines for the design, development, and translation of questionnaires for application in the above-mentioned research fields. The different types of validation processes required for cleaning the data by various measuring instruments in experimental research are also discussed for comparison. A framework is suggested to guide researchers through the various stages of questionnaire design, development, and improvement using suitable statistical methods to assess the reliability and validity of the questionnaire used in empirical research and validation of the data obtained in experimental research.

The Malay-Version Knowledge, Risk Perception, Attitude and Practice Questionnaire on Heatwaves: Development and Construct Validation

“…The questionnaire is one of the most common methods to determine the level of knowledge and perception in a community [ 18 ]. A valid questionnaire must have the following characteristics: (i) simplicity and viability; (ii) reliability and precision in wording; (iii) be adequate for the problem being measured; (iv) reflect the underlying theory or concept to be measured; and (v) be capable of measuring change [ 19 ].…”

“…Thus, a questionnaire has to undergo a robust process of development and validation, to ensure the credibility of the research findings [ 18 , 19 ]. A valid and reliable psychometric scale is crucial, especially for a local setting, due to sociodemographic and socioeconomic differences, which may influence the level of knowledge, risk perception, attitudes and practices (KRPAP) regarding heatwaves.…”

The type and scope of physiotherapy is under-utilised in Australian residential aged care facilities: a national, cross-sectional survey of physiotherapists

“…An expert panel ( n = 5) that consisted of senior physiotherapists and RACF management reviewed and refined the survey until consensus was reached. The final survey ( Supplemental material study survey ) was pilot tested with physiotherapists that worked with older adults ( n = 8) to check face validity and usability of the survey [ 23 ]. Other than for consent and screening, all other questions were voluntary.…”

Development and Validation of a New Questionnaire to Measure Knowledge Level of Street Food Hawkers to Support the Single-Use Plastics Reduction Program in Kelantan, Malaysia

“…Content validation is the process of examining the item contents and whether or not they represent the entire theoretical construct of the designed model [28]. This is measured through the Content Validation Index (CVI).…”