Development and Validation of Quantitative Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay for Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Liver

Smith, Lori; Liang, Boying; Booth, Marcia C.; Filigenzi, Michael S.; Tkachenko, Andriy; Gaskill, Cynthia L.

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02280

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This seems acceptable since no quantitative data are being reported for chlorophacinone in this study. The achieved LOQs are similar or lower than recently published LC-MS/MS-based multi-methods for AR in tissues, ranging from 0.9 to 250 μg kg −1 (Fourel et al 2017a , Hernandez et al 2013 , Jin et al 2009 , Marek and Koskinen 2007 , Marsalek et al 2015 , Smith et al 2017 , Vandenbroucke et al 2008b ).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 70%

First evidence of anticoagulant rodenticides in fish and suspended particulate matter: spatial and temporal distribution in German freshwater aquatic systems

Kotthoff

Rüdel

Jürling

et al. 2018

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have been used for decades for rodent control worldwide. Research on the exposure of the environment and accumulation of these active substances in biota has been focused on terrestrial food webs, but few data are available on the impact of ARs on aquatic systems and water organisms. To fill this gap, we analyzed liver samples of bream (Abramis brama) and co-located suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). An appropriate method was developed for the determination of eight different ARs, including first-and second-generation ARs, in fish liver and SPM. Applying this method to bream liver samples from 17 and 18 sampling locations of the years 2011 and 2015, respectively, five ARs were found at levels above limits of quantifications (LOQs, 0.2 to 2 μg kg −1 ). For 2015, brodifacoum was detected in 88% of the samples with a maximum concentration of 12.5 μg kg −1 . Moreover, difenacoum, bromadiolone, difethialone, and flocoumafen were detected in some samples above LOQ. In contrast, no first generation AR was detected in the ESB samples. In SPM, only bromadiolone could be detected in 56% of the samples at levels up to 9.24 μg kg −1 . A temporal trend analysis of bream liver from two sampling locations over a period of up to 23 years revealed a significant trend for brodifacoum at one of the sampling locations.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 70%

First evidence of anticoagulant rodenticides in fish and suspended particulate matter: spatial and temporal distribution in German freshwater aquatic systems

Kotthoff

Rüdel

Jürling

et al. 2018

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…The extracts were analyzed per the serum method. Liver tissue analysis is detailed further in Smith et al (2017). For all ARs, the limit of detection (LOD) was 20 ng/g wet weight, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 50 ng/g wet weight.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continued Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure of Red‐tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) in the Northeastern United States with an Evaluation of Serum for Biomonitoring

Murray

2020

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Prior studies (2006-2016) in birds of prey admitted to a wildlife clinic in Massachusetts, USA, revealed widespread exposure to second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) among red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis, RTHAs). Continued monitoring of species for which historic data are available can reveal trends in exposure that aid in evaluating the effectiveness of risk-mitigation measures. While the majority of exposure-monitoring studies utilize liver tissue collected postmortem, antemortem modalities, such as serum analysis, may be desirable for risk assessments in certain populations. However, the sensitivity of serum for detecting anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) is not well studied. Paired liver and serum samples from 43 RTHAs were evaluated from 2017 to 2019. In liver tissue, 100% of birds were positive for ARs, with the SGARs brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difethialone identified most frequently; 91% of birds had liver residues of 2 to 4 ARs. These findings represent the highest exposure both to ARs overall and to multiple ARs in RTHAs compared to previous studies. All birds diagnosed with AR toxicosis (n = 14) were positive for ARs in serum; however, all subclinically exposed birds (n = 29) were negative in serum. These data show that exposure to SGARs remains widespread in RTHAs in this geographic area. In addition, although serum analysis is not sensitive for detecting sublethal exposures in RTHAs, it can potentially support a diagnosis of AR toxicosis in conjunction with other consistent signs.

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“…Liver samples from a subset of submitted eagles (n = 133) were submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratories (CAHFSL; Davis, California) for quantitative testing of ARs by reverse phase ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [19]. Liver tissue was submitted from all eagles with lesions consistent with AR toxicosis (i.e., unexplained hemorrhage), as well as from a subset presumed to have died from other causes that were selected randomly or at the request of the original submitter.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the United States

et al. 2021

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Raptors, including eagles, are geographically widespread and sit atop the food chain, thereby serving an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance. After facing population declines associated with exposure to organochlorine insecticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) have recovered from the brink of extinction. However, both bald and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are exposed to a variety of other toxic compounds in the environment that could have population impacts. Few studies have focused on anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) exposure in eagles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the types of ARs that eagles are exposed to in the USA and better define the extent of toxicosis (i.e., fatal illness due to compound exposure). Diagnostic case records from bald and golden eagles submitted to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (University of Georgia) 2014 through 2018 were reviewed. Overall, 303 eagles were examined, and the livers from 116 bald eagles and 17 golden eagles were tested for ARs. The percentage of AR exposure (i.e., detectable levels but not associated with mortality) in eagles was high; ARs were detected in 109 (82%) eagles, including 96 (83%) bald eagles and 13 (77%) golden eagles. Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis was determined to be the cause of mortality in 12 (4%) of the 303 eagles examined, including 11 bald eagles and 1 golden eagle. Six different AR compounds were detected in these eagles, with brodifacoum and bromadiolone most frequently detected (81% and 25% of eagles tested, respectively). These results suggest that some ARs, most notably brodifacoum, are widespread in the environment and are commonly consumed by eagles. This highlights the need for research to understand the pathways of AR exposure in eagles, which may help inform policy and regulatory actions to mitigate AR exposure risk.

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Development and Validation of Quantitative Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay for Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Liver

Cited by 25 publications

References 26 publications

First evidence of anticoagulant rodenticides in fish and suspended particulate matter: spatial and temporal distribution in German freshwater aquatic systems

First evidence of anticoagulant rodenticides in fish and suspended particulate matter: spatial and temporal distribution in German freshwater aquatic systems

Continued Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure of Red‐tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) in the Northeastern United States with an Evaluation of Serum for Biomonitoring

Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the United States

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