“…Several parameters for standardizing herbal medicines refer to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, including botanical parameters (macroscopic and microscopic), physicochemical (chromatographic fingerprint, loss on drying, ash value, acid insoluble ash, extractive value, moisture content, volatile matter), pharmacological (bitterness value, hemolytic property, astringent property, swelling index, foaming index), and toxicological parameters (arsenic and heavy metals, pesticide residues, microbial contamination) 10,11 . The chromatographic fingerprint is one of the important parameters in the standardization of herbal medicines, which is a method for identifying and determining the content of marker compounds in each plant or herbal medicine to ensure quality and pharmacological activity 12,13 . Marker compounds are compounds or groups of compounds present in plants with or without pharmacological activity 14 .…”