Development and validation of highly selective screening and confirmatory methods for the qualitative forensic analysis of organic explosive compounds with high performance liquid chromatography coupled with (photodiode array and) LTQ ion trap/Orbitrap mass spectrometric detections (HPLC-(PDA)-LTQOrbitrap)

Rapid and simple analysis of trace levels of three explosives in soil by liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry

“…Single MS was used. In another study of Xu et al [7], an analysis method was developed using swabbing postblast debris and extracting the swabs using 10 mL methanol. Extract was evaporated till 0.5-1.0 mL was left and analyzed using HPLC-(PDA)-APCI negative ionization-LTQ MS2/Orbitrap FTMS.…”

“…In addition to identifying the type of explosive, characterization of the explosive such as country of origin and manufacturer would be of great help to the investigation. In the literature search on determination of explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), techniques such as gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD), highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (method: EPA 8330) [2,3] (EPA Method 8330 B: Nitroaromatics, Nitramines, and nitrate esters by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), http://www.epa.gov/ solidwaste/hazard/testmethods/pdfs/8330b.pdf, accessed 01 April 2015), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography with electron-capture detection, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, micellar electrokinetic chromatography [4], capillary electrophoresis coupled with Q-trap MS [5], liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [6], liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [7], liquid chromatography-ulraviolet (LC-UV), and amperometric detection [8] were encountered. Various sample preparation techniques were used for explosive analysis such as solid-liquid extraction (EPA Method 8330 B: Nitroaromatics, Nitramines, and Nitrate Esters by HPLC, http:// www.epa.gov/solidwaste/hazard/testmethods/pdfs/8330b.pdf, accessed 01 April 2015), solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization [4], solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [9], and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) [10].…”

A Fast Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometric Analysis of PETN (Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate), RDX (3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane) and HMX (Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) in Soil, Utilizing a Simple Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction with Minimum Solvent

“…Various screening and/or quantitation methods with different sensitivity levels as ion mobility spectrometry, 1 colorimetric methods, presented here. 15,[17][18][19][20] Various extraction methods, such as SPE, 18,21-24 SPME, 25 SFE, 26,27 are used in the literature. A large volume and sample is required for some of these techniques and multi-step procedures lead to a loss of analyte.…”

Post-Blast Analysis of Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine using Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Mass Spectrometry

“…The requirement of having three ions does limit sensitivity of a method when compared to previously published LC/MS studies using less stringent guidelines. Lastly, some have shown trace HMTD detection by LC/MS using direct injection of reference standards but have not demonstrated the method's success using actual post-blast samples [2,4,11,13,14].…”