Development and validation of gas chromatography and real‐time quantitative PCR for the quantification of landscape‐scale gene flow from varieties of high erucic acid (HEAR) oilseed rape

Cullen, D. W.; Squire, G. R.; McNicol, Jim; Jacobs, Jennifer; Osborne, Juliet L.; Ford, L.; Ramsay, Gavin; Scrimgeour, C. M.; Young, Mark

doi:10.1002/jsfa.3340

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…The cross‐fertilization rate was determined in our experiment using the erucic acid content of the oil in various seed lots as a marker, using two cultivars chosen for their contrasting oil composition. Cullen et al. (2008) demonstrated that the erucic acid content of seed bulks estimated by gas chromatography is a reliable and high‐throughput means to quantify cross‐fertilization between a high erucic acid oilseed rape as pollen donor and a low erucic acid oilseed rape, as pollen receiver.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cross-fertilization rate was determined in our experiment using the erucic acid content of the oil in various seed lots as a marker, using two cultivars chosen for their contrasting oil composition. Cullen et al (2008) demonstrated that the erucic acid content of seed bulks estimated by gas chromatography is a reliable and high-throughput means to quantify crossfertilization between a high erucic acid oilseed rape as pollen donor and a low erucic acid oilseed rape, as pollen receiver. In our experiment, the difference in erucic acid content obtained in seed lots sampled from cleistogamous plants and derived from self-or cross-fertilization is enough to allow the detection of one seed derived from cross-fertilization in a bulk of 125-200 seeds deriving from self-fertilization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cleistogamy of oilseed rape, a way to prevent cross‐fertilization between adjacent fields

et al. 2011

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At the field scale, pollen flow between adjacent fields limits the potential of coexistence of different farming production systems, especially for allogamous crops like oilseed rape whose pollen is disseminated by insects or wind. In this article, we examine the efficiency of cleistogamy in an oilseed rape line which showed between 90% and 99% of flowers closed at flowering, in limiting deposition of allo-pollen. Five trials were established, consisting of two adjacent blocks, the one sown with the cleistogamous low-erucic acid line and the other with a classically flowering high-erucic acid line, used as source of contaminating pollen, itself artificially contaminated with a 1% mix of cleistogamous plants. Analyses showed that cross-fertilization rates of cleistogamous plants, estimated through erucic acid contents of seeds collected from them, were lower than those generally observed in oilseed rape: it averaged 10.1% on isolated plants within the erucic blocks, reached to the maximum 14% immediately adjacent to the erucic block, then decreased exponentially at higher distances. Cleistogamy appeared therefore as one imperfect means of gene biocontainment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cleistogamy of oilseed rape, a way to prevent cross‐fertilization between adjacent fields

et al. 2011

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“…The review distinguishes between volunteers (plants identical to the parent plants) and hybrid volunteers (plants where there has been outcrossing between HEAR and LEAR cultivars). Essentially, mitigation measures considered appropriate to maintain gene transfer in transgenic rapeseed to below acceptable thresholds are in excess of those for HEAR rapeseed [5,14]. They can therefore be considered for the purposes of this review as adequate methods, despite their original context being for transgenic crops.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High Erucic Acid Rapeseed (HEAR) contains 45%-60% erucic acid compared to unimproved varieties that have 'moderate' content (35-40%) coupled with high (>150 µmol g −1 seed) glucosinolate concentrations. Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed (LEAR), which includes double-low '00' varieties (i.e., those low in EA and glucosinolate), has approximately 0.03% erucic acid [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Risks of Contaminating Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed with High Erucic Rapeseed and Identification of Mitigation Strategies

Warner

Lewis

2019

Agriculture

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High erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil is under increasing demand for various industrial applications. However, many growers are concerned that if they grow the crop, they will not be able to revert to other rapeseed varieties in the future due to the risk of erucic acid (EA) contamination of the harvested seed and inability to maintain acceptable erucic acid thresholds. This review considered published literature and, using the same criteria as that used to contain transgenic crops, aimed to identify the key risks of erucic acid contamination, broadly prioritise them and identify pragmatic mitigation options. Oilseed rape has a number of traits that increase the risk of low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) crops being contaminated with EA from HEAR varieties. The quantity of seed produced and the potential for seed dormancy coupled with partial autogamy (self-fertilisation) facilitate the establishment and persistence of volunteer and feral populations. The large quantities of pollen produced when the crop is in flower mean there is also a high potential for cross-pollination. Self-sown volunteer plants represent the highest potential contamination risk, followed by the presence of arable weeds (e.g., wild mustard) whose seeds are also high in EA. Other risks arise from the cross-pollination of compatible wild relatives and the mixing of seed prior to sowing. It is important that both HEAR and LEAR varieties are appropriately managed since risks and their potential for mitigation arise throughout the entire LEAR crop production process. The length of rotation, type of tillage, cultivar choice, buffer zones, effective weed management and basic machinery hygiene are all factors that can reduce the risk of erucic acid contamination of LEAR crops and maintain the required thresholds.

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“…Since such traits are expressed at the F 1 seed level, they can be used as biochemical markers in studies aimed at estimating outcrossing rates. For example, erucic acid content has been extensively used as a biochemical marker for estimating outcrossing rates between lines with contrasting levels of this fatty acid in rapeseed (Rakow & Woods, 1987;Cullen et al, 2008;Leflon et al, 2011). The objective of this research was Cross-fertilization rate in safflower zation was calculated as the percentage of low oleic acid seeds (< 36%) produced on high-oleic CR-6 plants.…”

Section: Resumen Comunicación Corta Estimación De La Tasa De Fertilimentioning

confidence: 99%

Short communication. Estimation of cross-fertilization rate in saff lower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Velasco

Fischer²,

Fernández‐Martínez³

2012

Span. j. agric. res.

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Safflower is a promising oilseed crop for the production of specialty oils in the Mediterranean area. Oil quality traits such as high oleic acid content, high linoleic acid content, high saturated fatty acid content, or high gamma-tocopherol content have been developed in this crop. The traits are controlled by the genotype of the developing embryo and therefore they are influenced by the presence of foreign pollen. The objective of this research was to study the rate of cross-fertilization in safflower using the high oleic acid trait as a biochemical marker. An experiment in which each high oleic plant was surrounded by 24 low oleic acid plants was conducted over three environments in the same location at Córdoba, Spain. The average rate of cross-fertilization in the three environments was 5.7, 12.1, and 13.2%, though higher frequencies up to 35.9% were detected at the single-plant level and up to 58.3% at the single-head level. The low average outcrossing frequencies identified in this research indicate no need for large isolation distances between conventional cultivars and cultivars with special oil characteristics. However, the occurrence of a significant outcrossing rate should be taken into consideration if transgenic safflower is to be cultivated close to conventional safflower or in areas of distribution of wild Carthamus species.Additional key words: oleic acid; outcrossing; pollen flow. ResumenComunicación corta. Estimación de la tasa de fertilización cruzada en cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.)El cártamo es un cultivo oleaginoso con un futuro prometedor para producción de aceites singulares en el área mediterránea. Se han desarrollado en este cultivo caracteres modificados de calidad de aceite como alto contenido en ácido oleico, alto contenido en ácido linoleico, alto contenido en ácidos grasos saturados, o alto contenido en gamma-tocoferol. Estos caracteres están controlados por el genotipo del embrión en desarrollo y por tanto están influenciados por la llegada de polen externo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue el estudio de la frecuencia de fertilización cruzada en cártamo empleando el carácter alto oleico como marcador bioquímico. Se planteó un experimento en tres ambientes en Córdoba, España, en el que cada planta alto oleico estuvo rodeada por 24 plantas bajo oleico. La frecuencia media de fertilización cruzada fue de 5,7, 12,1, and 13,2% en los tres ambientes, si bien se observaron frecuencias de hasta 35,9% a nivel de plantas individuales y hasta 58,3% a nivel de inflorescencias individuales. Los valores relativamente bajos de la frecuencia de fertilización cruzada sugieren que no es necesario establecer grandes distancias de aislamiento entre cultivares convencionales y cultivares con características especiales de aceite. No obstante, la frecuencia de fertilización cruzada observada en este trabajo debe ser tenida en cuenta en caso de cultivo de líneas transgénicas de cártamo en las proximidades de cultivo de cártamo tradicional o en áreas de distribución natural de especies del géne...

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Development and validation of gas chromatography and real‐time quantitative PCR for the quantification of landscape‐scale gene flow from varieties of high erucic acid (HEAR) oilseed rape

Abstract: BACKGROUND: High erucic acid oilseed rape (HEAR) was tested as a source crop for estimates of regional geneflow. Two methods to detect HEAR in low erucic acid oilseed rape (LEAR) were compared: real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and gas chromatography (GC).

Cited by 5 publications

References 15 publications

Cleistogamy of oilseed rape, a way to prevent cross‐fertilization between adjacent fields

Cleistogamy of oilseed rape, a way to prevent cross‐fertilization between adjacent fields

Evaluation of the Risks of Contaminating Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed with High Erucic Rapeseed and Identification of Mitigation Strategies

Short communication. Estimation of cross-fertilization rate in saff lower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

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