Development and validation of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of free and conjugated Alternaria toxins in cereal-based foodstuffs

Walravens, J.; Mikula, Hannes; Rychlik, Michael; Asam, Stefan; Ediage, Emmanuel Njumbe; Mavungu, José Diana Di; Landschoot, Anita Van; Vanhaecke, Lynn; Saeger, Sarah De

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.083

Cited by 75 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The major benefits of the presented method are the simple and rapid sample preparation, as no isotopically labeled standards have to be applied and no cleanup step or other laborious sample handling has to be performed. This leads to slightly higher LOD and LOQ values than described in literature (Zhao et al 2015;Noser et al 2011;Walravens et al 2014) for some toxins and some matrices, but this minor decrease in sensitivity was regarded as acceptable as it allows the simultaneous detection of all toxins of interest. Inter-and intraday repeatability ( Table 2, Table S1) are usually below 20 %, indicating satisfactory reproducibility.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…The applications of gas chromatography (Scott et al 2006) for the determination of Alternaria toxins are limited due to the laborious derivatization reactions needed. There are up-to-date two methods described in literature for the quantification of AOH, AME, TeA, ALT, ATX-I, and TEN simultaneously (Noser et al 2011;Walravens et al 2014). However, most methods fail to cover all toxins of interest as they are limited to a narrow range of polarity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey of Alternaria toxin contamination in food from the German market, using a rapid HPLC-MS/MS approach

et al. 2015

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A HPLC-MS/MS-based method for the quantification of nine mycotoxins produced by fungi of the genus Alternaria in various food matrices was developed. The method relies on a single-step extraction, followed by dilution of the raw extract and direct analysis. In combination with an analysis time per sample of 12 min, the sample preparation is cost-effective and easy to handle. The method covers alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA), altenuene (ALT), iso-altenuene (isoALT), tentoxin (TEN), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), and the AAL toxins TA1 and TA2. Some Alternaria toxins which are either not commercially available or very expensive, namely AOH, AME, ALT, isoALT, and ATX-I, were isolated as reference compounds from fungal cultures. The method was extensively validated for tomato products, bakery products, sunflower seeds, fruit juices, and vegetable oils. AOH, AME, TeA, and TEN were found in quantifiable amounts and 92.1% of all analyzed samples (n = 96) showed low level contamination with one or more Alternaria toxins. Based on the obtained results, the average daily exposure to Alternaria toxins in Germany was calculated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of Alternaria toxin contamination in food from the German market, using a rapid HPLC-MS/MS approach

et al. 2015

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“…More recently other Alternaria toxins are being integrated in these methods (Varga et al, 2013). Dedicated methods for the analysis of the relevant Alternaria toxins have been recently developed and applied to tomato products (Noser, Schneider, Rother, & Schmutz, 2011) and to cereals (Walravens et al, 2014). Due to its poor chromatographic behaviour, the limit of detection of TeA is higher than that for the other Alternaria toxins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Alternaria toxins in food products in The Netherlands

et al. 2016

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“…Consequently, Alternaria mycotoxins were detected in cereals and derived products [46,[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76], feed [74,[109][110][111][112][113], dairy products [114], grapes and by-products [27,77,115], tomatoes and derived products [31,47,77,81,106,113], nuts and by-products [102,116], spices [117], soybeans [76,116,118], sunflower seeds [85,104,107], vegetables [27,101], vegetable oils [105], strawberries …”

Section: Prevalence Of Alternaria Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

AlternariaMycotoxins in Food and Feed: An Overview

Escrivá

Oueslati

Font

et al. 2017

Journal of Food Quality

129

106

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Alternaria is one of the major mycotoxigenic fungal genera with more than 70 reported metabolites. Alternaria mycotoxins showed notably toxicity, such as mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, induction of DNA strand break, sphingolipid metabolism disruption, or inhibition of enzymes activity and photophosphorylation. This review reports on the toxicity, stability, metabolism, current analytical methods, and prevalence of Alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed through the most recent published research. Half of the publications were focused on fruits, vegetables, and derived products-mainly tomato and apples-while cereals and cereal byproducts represented 38%. The most studied compounds were alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, tentoxin, and tenuazonic acid, but altenuene, altertoxins (I, II, and III), and macrosporin have been gaining importance in recent years. Solid-liquid extraction (50%) with acetonitrile or ethyl acetate was the most common extraction methodology, followed by QuEChERS and dilutiondirect injection (both 14%). High-and ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was the predominant determination technique (80%). The highest levels of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether were found in lentils, oilseeds, tomatoes, carrots, juices, wines, and cereals. Tenuazonic acid highest levels were detected in cereals followed by beer, while alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, tenuazonic acid, and tentoxin were found in legumes, nuts, and oilseeds.

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Development and validation of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of free and conjugated Alternaria toxins in cereal-based foodstuffs

Cited by 75 publications

References 36 publications

Survey of Alternaria toxin contamination in food from the German market, using a rapid HPLC-MS/MS approach

Survey of Alternaria toxin contamination in food from the German market, using a rapid HPLC-MS/MS approach

Occurrence of Alternaria toxins in food products in The Netherlands

AlternariaMycotoxins in Food and Feed: An Overview

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