Development and validation of a presumptive colour spot test method for the detection of piperazine analogues in seized illicit materials

Philp, Morgan; Shimmon, Ronald; Stojanovska, Natasha; Tahtouh, Mark; Fu, Shanlin

doi:10.1039/c3ay40511g

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The Marquis and Simon reagents have been recommended for onsite screening of piperazines despite the faint color changes and low sensitivity . In an attempt to find a more specific color test, a limited study looked at the reaction of 5 piperazine analogs with 1,2‐naphthoquinone‐4‐sulfonate (NQS) and validated a successful color test method based on a nucleophilic substitution reaction to afford an orange‐red color . Chemiluminescent ruthenium complexes with piperazines were described by Waite et al ; however, the test lacked portability with the requirement for a chemiluminescence detector.…”

Section: Current Situationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Independent researchers, companies, and government organizations have published the results of commercially available test kits and commonly used lab reagents against a range of NPS, controlled substances, and white powder cutting agents in attempts to reveal and report any false positive or negative responses. Philp et al demonstrate the importance of selectivity studies to newly developed presumptive tests for piperazines and synthetic cathinones . Experimental studies on 42 non‐marijuana substances with 2 commercial test kits showed patchouli, spearmint, and eucalyptus all tested positive for marijuana; while lavender, cypress, and oregano gave inconclusive results …”

Section: Spot Test Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Philp et al demonstrate the importance of selectivity studies to newly developed presumptive tests for piperazines 98 and synthetic cathinones. 95 Experimental studies on 42 non-marijuana substances with 2 commercial test kits showed patchouli, spearmint, and eucalyptus all tested positive for marijuana; while lavender, cypress, and oregano gave inconclusive results.…”

Section: Selectivity (And Specificity)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of chemical ‘spot’ tests: A presumptive illicit drug identification technique

Philp

2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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121

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Chemical 'spot' tests are a presumptive illicit drug identification technique commonly used by law enforcement, border security personnel, and forensic laboratories. The simplicity, low cost, and rapid results afforded by these tests make them particularly attractive for presumptive identification globally. In this paper, we review the development of these long-established methods and discuss color test recommendations and guidelines. A search of the scientific literature revealed the chemical reactions occurring in many color tests are either not actively investigated or reported as unknown.Today, color tests face many challenges, from the appearance of new psychoactive substances to concerns regarding selectivity, sensitivity, and safety. Advances in technology have seen color test reagents used in digital image color analysis, solid sensors, and microfluidic devices for illicit drug detection. This summarizes current research and suggests the future of presumptive color testing. KEYWORDScolor spot test, illicit drugs, new psychoactive substances, presumptive identification, seized material

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Section: Current Situationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spot Test Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Selectivity (And Specificity)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of chemical ‘spot’ tests: A presumptive illicit drug identification technique

Philp

2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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121

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“…118 A wide array of analytical approaches have been reported by many different authors such as LC-MS, 24,119 capillary electrophoresis, 120 HPLC-fluorescence, 121 LC with diode array, 122,123 GC-MS [124][125][126] and chemiluminescence. 129 Recently Philp et al 130 have reported on the development and validation of a specific colour test using 1′,2′-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate (NQS) forming an intense bright orangered complex with BZP at room temperature. 128 It is clear, something that is generally the case with all "legal highs", confirmatory laboratory based analysis is well developed.…”

Section: Piperazinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of recent developments in the analytical detection of new psychoactive substances (NPSs)

Smith

Sutcliffe

Banks

2015

Analyst

121

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New psychoactive substances (NPSs), sometimes referred to as "legal highs" in more colloquial environments/the media, are a class of compounds that have been recently made available for abuse (not necessarily recently discovered) which provide similar effects to the traditional well studied illegal drugs but are not always controlled under existing local, regional or international drug legislation. Following an unprecedented increase in the number of NPSs in the last 5 years (with 101 substances discovered for the first time in 2014 alone) its, occasionally fatal, consequences have been extensively reported in the media. Such NPSs are typically marketed as 'not for human consumption' and are instead labelled and sold as plant food, bath salts as well as a whole host of other equally nondescript aliases in order to bypass legislative controls. NPSs are a new multi-disciplinary research field with the main emphasis in terms of forensic identification due to their adverse health effects, which can range from minimal to life threatening and even fatalities. In this mini-review we overview this recent emerging research area of NPSs and the analytical approaches reported to provide detection strategies as well as detailing recent reports towards providing point-of-care/in-the-field NPS ("legal high") sensors.

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“…In recent years, 5‐MeO‐DALT ( 7 ) has been frequently discussed within the context of being a new psychoactive substance (NPS) where many of these substances are advertised as ‘research chemicals’ and available for purchase from Internet retailers or shops . As far as the availability of analytical data are concerned, the majority of available reports describing the detection and characterization of DALT derivatives focus on 5‐MeO‐DALT ( 7 ), reflecting its appearance in forensically related casework and/or from retail purchases (Table ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical characterization of N,N‐diallyltryptamine (DALT) and 16 ring‐substituted derivatives

Brandt

Kavanagh

Dowling

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Many N,N-dialkylated tryptamines show psychoactive properties in humans and the number of derivatives involved in multidisciplinary areas of research has grown over the last few decades. Whereas some derivatives form the basis of a range of medicinal products, others are predominantly encountered as recreational drugs, and in some cases, the areas of therapeutic and recreational use can overlap. In recent years, 5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine (5-MeO-DALT) has appeared as a new psychoactive substance (NPS) and ‘research chemical’ whereas 4-acetoxy-DALT and the ring-unsubstituted DALT have only been detected very recently. Strategies pursued in the authors’ laboratories included the preparation and biological evaluation of previously unreported N,N-diallyltryptamines (DALTs). This report describes the analytical characterization of seventeen DALTs. Fifteen DALTs were prepared by a microwave-accelerated Speeter and Anthony procedure following established procedures developed previously in the authors’ laboratories. In addition to DALT, the substances included in this study were 2-phenyl-, 4-acetoxy-, 4-hydroxy-, 4,5-ethylenedioxy-, 5-methyl-, 5-methoxy-, 5-methoxy-2-methyl-, 5-ethoxy-, 5-fluoro-, 5-fluoro-2-methyl-, 5-chloro-, 5-bromo-, 5,6-methylenedioxy-, 6-fluoro-, 7-methyl, and 7-ethyl-DALT, respectively. The DALTs were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), gas chromatography (GC) quadrupole and ion trap (EI/CI) mass spectrometry (MS), low and high mass accuracy MS/MS, ultraviolet diode array detection and GC solid-state infrared analysis, respectively. A comprehensive collection of spectral data was obtained that are provided to research communities who face the challenge of encountering newly emerging substances where analytical data are not available. These data are also relevant to researchers who might wish to explore the clinical and non-clinical uses of these substances.

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Development and validation of a presumptive colour spot test method for the detection of piperazine analogues in seized illicit materials

Cited by 23 publications

References 9 publications

A review of chemical ‘spot’ tests: A presumptive illicit drug identification technique

A review of chemical ‘spot’ tests: A presumptive illicit drug identification technique

An overview of recent developments in the analytical detection of new psychoactive substances (NPSs)

Analytical characterization of N,N‐diallyltryptamine (DALT) and 16 ring‐substituted derivatives

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