Development and validation of a method for determining d-limonene and its oxidation products in vegetables and soil using GC–MS

Mass-Spectrometry-Based Research of Cosmetic Ingredients

“…Liquid products (eau de toilettes and perfumes) are directly injected, without sample preparation, except dilution using different solvents or filtration [ 107 , 108 , 109 ] (if the amount of nonvolatile constituents is low when submitted to GC, as the performance of the GC system is rarely hampered by other constituents of the sample). If the analytes occur in more complex media, such as creams, lotions, foundations, and lipsticks, they need to be extracted from their matrix, prior to their analysis, via different established methods: by a fluid (in one step extraction technique [ 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 ] and improved variants such as MSPD: matrix solid-phase dispersion [ 23 , 93 , 114 , 115 ], QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction) [ 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 ], or energy-assisted extraction techniques: vortex-assisted extraction (VAE) [ 120 , 121 ], ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) [ 121 , 122 ], and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) [ 121 , 123 ], by liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) techniques [ 120 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 ], by solid-phase extraction techniques (μSPE: micro solid-phase extraction, dSPE: dispersive solid-phase extraction; SBSE: stir bar sorptive extraction) [ 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 ], and gas-phase extraction (headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) [ 139 ,…”

Degradation of limonene and trans-cinnamaldehyde in soil, and detection of their metabolites by UHPLC and GC-HRMS

“…Synthetic pesticides have been investigated for their persistence in the environment (Zhou et al 2022 ; Merlo-Reyes et al 2024 ), as well as the metabolites or transformation products of their active principles during the degradation process (Vargas-Pérez et al 2020 ; López-Ruiz et al 2020 ). Despite the growing expansion of biopesticides, studies of their degradation in the environment are limited (López-Serna et al 2016 ; Huang et al 2022 ). Most studies on biopesticides in soil and/or in water focus on azadirachtins (Prestes et al 2012 ; Suciu et al 2019 ) and pyrethrins (Prestes et al 2012 ; Feng et al 2018 ).…”

“…However, there are few studies on the extraction of limonene and trans -cinnamaldehyde in soil (López-Serna et al 2016 ; Huang et al 2022 ). For trans -cinnamaldehyde, a previous study only examined the mobility of the compound in soil (López-Serna et al 2016 ) and did not evaluate its degradation and metabolites.…”

“…For trans -cinnamaldehyde, a previous study only examined the mobility of the compound in soil (López-Serna et al 2016 ) and did not evaluate its degradation and metabolites. On the other hand, only one study monitored the degradation of limonene and its metabolites in the soil but low-resolution mass spectrometry was utilized (Huang et al 2022 ). Therefore, a study was carried out to monitor the degradation of limonene and trans -cinnamaldehyde in several soil types.…”

“…Therefore, a study was carried out to monitor the degradation of limonene and trans -cinnamaldehyde in several soil types. UHPLC has been used to monitor trans -cinnamaldehyde, and GC for limonene, and most of these previous studies have employed low-resolution mass analyzers such as Q (López-Serna et al 2016 ; Huang et al 2022 ). Bearing in mind these previous studies, an innovation in this study is the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) using a Q-Orbitrap analyzer to monitor the degradation of both compounds.…”