Development and validation of a reliable method for studying the distribution pattern for opiates metabolites in brain

Guerrini, Katia; Argo, Antonella; Borroni, Cristina; Catalano, Daria; Dell’Acqua, Lucia; Farè, Fiorenza; Procaccianti, Paolo; Roda, Gabriella; Gambaro, Veniero

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.001

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A large proportion of these deaths are contributed to drug overdose, which can lead to sudden cardiac and respiratory arrest. Despite that, many of them can be contributed to the mode of drug intake (Gambaro et al 2014;Guerrini et al 2013). The use of opioids is relatively higher in the Southern part of the West Bank (5.7% total in the last 5 years) compared to the Northern (1.5%) and the Center (3%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug use and possession, emerging of new psychoactive substances in the West Bank, Palestine

Damiri

Sayeh

Odeh

et al. 2018

Egypt J Forensic Sci

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Background: The use of illicit drugs has seen an upswing during the last years in the West Bank. Political, social, economic, and demographic factors may play roles in the increasing use of illicit drugs in the West Bank. This study aimed to describe drug possession among Palestinians in order to provide insight into the extent of illicit substances use, to assess their risk, and to explore new forms in order to raise awareness of these drugs. Files (3674) related to drug possession in Anti narcotic drug departments in the West Bank from 2010to 2014 were reviewed and analysed. Results: Most arrestees (99%) were males, (55.9%) aged 18-< 30, (48.8%) singles, (56.7%) with a primary level of education, and (81.8%) had used drugs for a year or more. The most common seized and used substances were cannabis, hashish (74.3%) and marijuana (15.2%), followed by synthetic cannabinoids, hydro (26.6%). MDMA (Ecstasy) was used (3.6%) more than LSD (3.1%) and more than heroin and cocaine combined (3.3%). Liquid methamphetamine was emerged as a new homemade yellow substance, with a street name (GG) that is used for improving libido. Attempts to cultivate marijuana using 31,116 seedlings and seeds were recorded. Conclusion: Tracking the possession of high-risk drugs and new psychoactive substances in a society is important for policy makers in order to investigate the circumstances and impact of these substances. There is a trend in emerging new psychoactive substances (synthetic cannabinoids), manufacturing a new drug (liquid methamphetamine), and cultivating illegal drugs (marijuana) starting from the year 2013. These results are important for prevention, treatment and control, and for law enforcement in the West Bank. Policies, strategies and action plans in the controlling new substances should be developed taking into account local and regional socioeconomic issues.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug use and possession, emerging of new psychoactive substances in the West Bank, Palestine

Damiri

Sayeh

Odeh

et al. 2018

Egypt J Forensic Sci

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“…In these samples also the levels of morphine and codeine were evaluated. Moreover we analyzed other seven samples from heroin fatalities belonging to a period of time between 2012 and 2014 (cases [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. To this end we studied and validated an analytical method suitable to this purpose, using deuterated internal standards in order to enhance sensitivity (Figure 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous study [10], we developed a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method to investigate the brain distribution patterns of morphine and codeine, which was then, applied to the determination of their levels in nuclei specimens from 14 fatal cases of suspected heroin overdose. The results of this analysis were subsequently compared to metabolite levels in the blood obtained from the systematic toxicological analysis (STA) [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of 6-Monoacetyl-Morphine (6-MAM) in Brain Samples from Heroin Fatalities

Roda¹,

Farè²

2015

Pharm Anal Acta

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Objective: Post-mortem brain samples from 15 deceased patients whose death was heroin related, were analyzed to determine 6-monoacetyl-morphine (6-MAM) concentrations. The samples belonged to people died between 2008 and 2014. The first eight samples were also analyzed in 2012 to determine only morphine and codeine levels. Method:A GC/MS method was studied in order to enhance sensitivity, thus helping the determination of 6-MAM whose detection is in most cases difficult because of the complexity of the biological matrix. The analytical method was validated using deuterated internal standards (IS-D3, morphine-D3 and codeine-D3) and it showed adequate specificity, linearity, LOD, LOQ precision and accuracy for the determination of the analyte of interest.Results: 6-MAM was evidenced only in the more recent samples, thus pointing out its low stability. Its concentration ranged from 15.6 to 28.9 ng/g. Morphine and codeine was also determined and a comparison was carried out between the blood and the brain levels of the three analytes. Moreover a parallel was established between the concentrations of morphine and codeine found in the brain in 2012 and 2015.Conclusion: 6-MAM determination in the brain is particularly important when discriminating between morphine assumption and heroin abuse. In fact in the cases in which it is not detectable in the blood it can be present in the brain. It was noticed that the concentrations of morphine found in the brain in 2015 are higher respect to the levels of 2012; a possible explanation could be that 6-MAM originally present in the brain has hydrolyzed to morphine, thus increasing its levels.

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“…The techniques that are most widely used to extract fentanyllike compounds from complex/biological matrices are solidphase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). SPE [18][19][20] and LLE [21][22][23] are reliable and widespread techniques used in the field of chemical-toxicological analysis for detecting of the majority of toxic compounds. Several slightly different protocols for fentanyls extraction were evaluated throughout the literature.…”

Section: Analysis Of Fentanyl-like Compounds 3•1 Extraction Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ten Years of Fentanyl-like Drugs: a Technical-analytical Review

et al. 2019

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Synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl and its analogues, are a new public health warning. Clandestine laboratories produce drug analogues at a faster rate than these compounds can be controlled or scheduled by drug agencies. Detection requires specific testing and clinicians may be confronted with a sequence of severe issues concerning the diagnosis and management of these contemporary opioid overdoses. This paper deals with methods for biological sample treatment, as well as the methodologies of analysis that have been reported, in the last decade, in the field of fentanyl-like compounds. From this analysis, it emerges that the gold standard for the identification and quantification of 4-anilinopiperidines is LC-MS/MS, coupled with liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction. In the end, the return to the scene of illicit fentanyls can be considered as a critical problem that can be tackled only with a global multidisciplinary approach.

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Development and validation of a reliable method for studying the distribution pattern for opiates metabolites in brain

Cited by 17 publications

References 16 publications

Drug use and possession, emerging of new psychoactive substances in the West Bank, Palestine

Drug use and possession, emerging of new psychoactive substances in the West Bank, Palestine

Determination of 6-Monoacetyl-Morphine (6-MAM) in Brain Samples from Heroin Fatalities

Ten Years of Fentanyl-like Drugs: a Technical-analytical Review

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