Development and validation of a 2×2 model of time-related academic behavior: Procrastination and timely engagement

Strunk, Kamden K.; Cho, YoonJung; Steele, Misty; Bridges, Stacey L.

doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.02.007

Cited by 52 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, the human tendency to not complete tasks until their deadline may often interfere with these schedules. Although previous theory about procrastination proposed that the subjective value of a task depends particularly on the value of outcome with which the task can be associated (Steel & König, 2006;Strunk, Cho, Steele, & Bridges, 2013), it remains unclear how the task-outcome associations are mediated by the human brain. Procrastination is a widespread behavioral problem (Steel, 2010) and can be harmful to procrastinators' work efficiency, academic performance and psychological well-being (Sirois, 2007;Stead, Shanahan, & Neufeld, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Procrastination is a widespread behavioral problem (Steel, 2010) and can be harmful to procrastinators' work efficiency, academic performance and psychological well-being (Sirois, 2007;Stead, Shanahan, & Neufeld, 2010). Although previous theory about procrastination proposed that the subjective value of a task depends particularly on the value of outcome with which the task can be associated (Steel & König, 2006;Strunk, Cho, Steele, & Bridges, 2013), it remains unclear how the task-outcome associations are mediated by the human brain. Understanding these neural mechanisms thus may be of great significance to test theories of procrastination and develop interventions for task procrastination.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Insufficient task‐outcome association promotes task procrastination through a decrease of hippocampal–striatal interaction

Zhang

Becker

Chen

et al. 2018

Human Brain Mapping

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Theories on procrastination propose that associating tasks with higher valued incentive outcomes results in less task procrastination. However, it remains unknown how representation of incentive outcomes and task‐outcome association are mediated by the human brain. Using event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we scanned human participants while they were thinking about both tasks and the incentive outcomes each task can yield in an unconstrained way. Results showed that tasks that are more likely to be procrastinated are associated with less value in incentive outcomes. Interestingly, procrastination was more likely if it was more difficult for participants to associate a task with its valued incentives when thinking about the task (i.e., the decreased task‐outcome association). On the neural level, higher value of rewarding outcomes was correlated with increased putamen activations, which further negatively predicted task procrastination. On the other hand, when participants were associating tasks with the incentive outcomes, the decreasing task‐outcome association corresponded to decreasing activation in putamen, and a decreasing hippocampus‐putamen coupling which further mediated the effect of the insufficient task‐outcome association on procrastination. In particular, the current findings show that procrastination is more likely when people are less able to associate tasks with highly valued incentives, which is accompanied by reduced hippocampal–striatal interactions during task construction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insufficient task‐outcome association promotes task procrastination through a decrease of hippocampal–striatal interaction

Zhang

Becker

Chen

et al. 2018

Human Brain Mapping

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…According to Ferster & Skinner's () reinforcement theory, behavior can be strengthened by either delivering a positive outcome or removing a negative outcome when the task is completed. Accordingly, many researchers also believe that it is the future rewards and punishments that motivate people to engage in a task as soon as they can (Steel, ; Steel & Weinhardt, ; Strunk, Cho, Steele, & Bridges, ). To this day, the strongest emphasis on those incentives was proposed by a 2 × 2 model of time‐related academic behavior (henceforth: the 2 × 2 model; Strunk et al, ).…”

Section: Why Do People Procrastinate: the Causes And The Temporal Motmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, many researchers also believe that it is the future rewards and punishments that motivate people to engage in a task as soon as they can (Steel, ; Steel & Weinhardt, ; Strunk, Cho, Steele, & Bridges, ). To this day, the strongest emphasis on those incentives was proposed by a 2 × 2 model of time‐related academic behavior (henceforth: the 2 × 2 model; Strunk et al, ). The 2 × 2 model contributes to theory of procrastination in two regards.…”

Section: Why Do People Procrastinate: the Causes And The Temporal Motmentioning

confidence: 99%

To do it now or later: The cognitive mechanisms and neural substrates underlying procrastination

Zhang

Liu

Feng

2019

WIRES Cognitive Science

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Procrastination, the voluntary and irrational delay of an intended course of action, has troubled individuals and society extensively. Various studies have been conducted to explain why people procrastinate and to explore the neural substrates of procrastination. First, research has identified many contributing factors to procrastination. Specifically, task aversiveness, future incentives, and time delay of these incentives have been confirmed as three prominent task characteristics that affect procrastination. On the other hand, self-control and impulsivity have been identified as two most predictive traits of procrastination. After identifying contributing factors, two important theories proposed to explain procrastination by integrating these factors are reviewed. Specifically, an emotion-regulation perspective regards procrastination as a form of self-regulation failure that reflects giving priority to short-term mood repair over achieving long-term goals. However, temporal motivation theory explains why people's motivation to act increases when time approaches a deadline with time discounting effect. To further specify the cognitive mechanism underlying procrastination, this study proposes a novel theoretical model which clarifies how the motivation to act and the motivation to avoid vary differently when delaying a task, explaining why people decide not to act now but are willing to act in the future. Of note, few recent studies have investigated neural correlates of procrastination. Specifically, it was revealed that individual differences in procrastination are correlated with structural abnormalities and altered spontaneous metabolism in the parahippocampal cortex and the prefrontal cortex, which might contribute to procrastination through episodic future thinking or memory and emotion regulation, respectively.

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“…Otra variable estudiada ha sido la motivación del sujeto. De acuerdo al modelo de dos factores de Strunk et al (2013), el continuo motivacional iría desde la motivación al logro a la motivación por evitación. Ambas fuentes motivacionales podrían dar lugar a que las personas procrastinen o no, pero por razones muy distintas: por logro, en la búsqueda de un mejor rendimiento o mejora de las habilidades propias, o por evitación de consecuencias indeseables.…”

Section: Procrastinaciónunclassified

Procrastinación académica en el alumnado universitario no tradicional

Umerenkova¹,

Flores²

2017

EJREP

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ResumenIntroducción. La procrastinación es la acción de retrasar la realización de tareas necesarias, hasta el extremo de generar malestar y perjuicios a los individuos que la protagonizan. La presencia de alumnado no tradicional en las universidades se ha incrementado notablemente en las últimas décadas. Este tipo de estudiantes encuentra dificultades en sus estudios, las cuales podrían propiciar una mayor incidencia de las conductas procrastinadoras. Para comprobarlo, comparamos los niveles de procrastinación y motivos para procrastinar entre estudiantes tradicionales y no tradicionales.Método. Utilizamos una muestra de 479 estudiantes colombianos. Los niveles de procrastinación y motivos para procrastinar fueron medidos a partir de la Procrastination Assessment Scale -Students (PASS). En el análisis de datos se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos, análisis factorial exploratorio, prueba t para muestras independientes y d de Cohen.Resultados. Los estudiantes no tradicionales han presentado niveles de procrastinación superiores (t=4,412; p<0,001; d=0,459), aunque los motivos para procrastinar no difieren de los aportados por estudiantes tradicionales. El carácter de estudiante no tradicional ha resultado ser una variable relevante en la explicación de la procrastinación académica. Discusión y conclusiones.A partir de estos resultados, se deriva la conveniencia de ofrecer una orientación académica al alumnado no tradicional, con el fin de tratar la procrastinación y reducir así posibles riesgos de bajo rendimiento o abandono en este colectivo estudiantil.Palabras Clave: procrastinación, estudiantes no tradicionales, educación superior, orientación académica.Angélica Garzón-Umerenkova y Javier Gil-FloresElectronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 15(3, 510-532. ISSN: 1696-2095. 2017 AbstractIntroduction. Procrastination is the act of delaying necessary tasks until the extreme of ex-

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Development and validation of a 2×2 model of time-related academic behavior: Procrastination and timely engagement

Cited by 52 publications

References 33 publications

Insufficient task‐outcome association promotes task procrastination through a decrease of hippocampal–striatal interaction

Insufficient task‐outcome association promotes task procrastination through a decrease of hippocampal–striatal interaction

To do it now or later: The cognitive mechanisms and neural substrates underlying procrastination

Procrastinación académica en el alumnado universitario no tradicional

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