Development and validation of a new serum standard for the measurement of anti‐HEV antibodies in animals

Zhang, Yulin; Wang, Lin; Zeng, Hang; Gong, Weibin; Zhang, Hui

doi:10.1002/jmv.24651

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…The National Institute for Biological Standardization and Control provide reference material for quantitative detection of IgG anti-HEV (the concentration is defined in national units) in human sera. Recently, a veterinary serum standard has been developed to support quality control and comparison of antibody-based HEV tests (Zhang et al, 2017b).…”

Section: Antibody-based Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food‐borne pathogen

Ricci¹,

Allende²,

Bolton³

et al. 2017

EFS2

111

107

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important infection in humans in EU/EEA countries, and over the last 10 years more than 21,000 acute clinical cases with 28 fatalities have been notified with an overall 10-fold increase in reported HEV cases; the majority (80%) of cases were reported from France, Germany and the UK. However, as infection in humans is not notifiable in all Member States, and surveillance differs between countries, the number of reported cases is not comparable and the true number of cases would probably be higher. Food-borne transmission of HEV appears to be a major route in Europe; pigs and wild boars are the main source of HEV. Outbreaks and sporadic cases have been identified in immune-competent persons as well as in recognised risk groups such as those with preexisting liver damage, immunosuppressive illness or receiving immunosuppressive treatments. The opinion reviews current methods for the detection, identification, characterisation and tracing of HEV in food-producing animals and foods, reviews literature on HEV reservoirs and food-borne pathways, examines information on the epidemiology of HEV and its occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. Presently, the only efficient control option for HEV infection from consumption of meat, liver and products derived from animal reservoirs is sufficient heat treatment. The development of validated quantitative and qualitative detection methods, including infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, is required for the development of quantitative microbial risk assessments and efficient control measures. More research on the epidemiology and control of HEV in pig herds is required in order to minimise the proportion of pigs that remain viraemic or carry high levels of virus in intestinal contents at the time of slaughter. Consumption of raw pig, wild boar and deer meat products should be avoided.

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Section: Antibody-based Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food‐borne pathogen

Ricci¹,

Allende²,

Bolton³

et al. 2017

EFS2

111

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In veterinary medicine, only one single ELISA test is usually applied as screening test (Thiry et al., ). Recently, a veterinary serum standard has been developed which should assist with quality control and comparison of antibody‐based HEV tests (Zhang et al., ). Serological detection of anti‐HEV antibodies in pigs and other animal species that can be infected with HEV is mainly performed by commercially available antibody assays (ELISAs) and in‐house indirect or blocking ELISAs using HEV3 or four related ORF2 proteins as coating antigens (Krumbholz et al., ; Van der Poel et al., ).…”

Section: Hepatitis E Virus Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge gaps and research priorities in the prevention and control of hepatitis E virus infection

Poel¹,

Dalton

Johne

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV), family Hepeviridae, is a main cause of epidemic hepatitis in developing countries and sporadic and cluster cases of hepatitis in industrialized countries. There are an increasing number of reported cases in humans especially in industrialized countries, and there is a high potential for transboundary spread of zoonotic genotypes of the virus through the transport of pigs, pig products and by-products. Bloodborne transmission of the virus has been reported with a significant medical concern. To better coordinate HEV research and design better control measures of HEV infections in animals, a group of HEV experts reviewed the current knowledge on the disease and considered the existing disease control tools. It was concluded that there is a lack of in-depth information about the spread of the virus from pigs to humans. The role of animals other than pigs in the zoonotic transmission of the virus to humans and the extent of foodborne transmission are poorly understood. Factors involved in development of clinical disease such as infectious dose, susceptibility and virulence of virus strains need to be studied more extensively. However, such studies are greatly hindered by the absence of a broadly applicable, efficient and sensitive in vitro cell culture system for HEV. Diagnostic tools for HEV are available but need to be further validated, harmonized and standardized. Commercially available HEV vaccines for the control of HEV infection in animal populations are needed as such vaccines can minimize the zoonotic risk for humans. Anti-HEV drugs for treatment of HEV-infected patients need to be studied more extensively. The detailed expert review can be downloaded from the project website at http://www.discontools.eu/.

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“…Better appreciation of genotype 3 during the last 10–15 years has triggered re-adjustments of serological test antigens and PCR primers [ 20 ]. Only with these improvements has it become clear that HEV prevalence in European populations is high in the range of 5% or even above [ 21 – 30 ]. There have been studies on HEV in Ghana [ 31 – 40 ], but these have not targeted genotype 3 specifically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sero-molecular epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in pigs and human contacts in Ghana

et al. 2021

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Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is among the leading causes of viral hepatitis in most developing countries. Zoonotic acquisition of HEV genotype 3 from swine has come into focus more recently. Available studies on HEV in Ghana and other countries in the region do not provide enough information towards understanding the epidemiology of HEV in human and animal populations. Towards this end, we conducted a comparative cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with HEV exposure, both in swine and humans working on pig farms in typical local settings. The presence of viral RNA in human and swine samples was also evaluated, along with classification of viral sequences from HEV-positive samples. Methods Structured questionnaires soliciting information on pigs reared, as well as socio-demographic information including age, sex and educational background of humans was collected. A total of 10 ml and 5 ml of whole blood was collected from pigs and human participants respectively. ELISA and real-time RT-PCR were performed on the sera for the qualitative detection of IgG antibodies to hepatitis E virus and viral RNA, respectively. Results Five hundred and forty-four (544) human participants including 264 swine contacts and 280 swine non-contacts were enrolled in the study. Although the proportion of HEV IgG antibodies was higher in contact groups (114; 54.3%) than non-contact groups (96; 45.7%), a multivariate analysis did not show any significant difference. No HEV RNA was detected in human samples. Similarly, 720 pigs were sampled from 18 farms located in five regions in Ghana. Twenty-three (23) of the pigs (3.2, 95%CI = 2.0–4.8) were positive for HEV RNA by real-time RT-PCR testing. Sequences obtained from HEV-positive samples were found to share high sequence identities with each other and clustered with other genotype 3 viruses indicating the existence of circulating zoonotic genotype 3 viruses on farms. Although we did not find evidence of pig to human transmission of HEV genotype 3, the presence of this genotype in pigs shows the potential for possible zoonotic transmission in African farm settings and buttresses the importance of active surveillance for the infection among at risk populations.

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Development and validation of a new serum standard for the measurement of anti‐HEV antibodies in animals

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food‐borne pathogen

Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food‐borne pathogen

Knowledge gaps and research priorities in the prevention and control of hepatitis E virus infection

Sero-molecular epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in pigs and human contacts in Ghana

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