Development and validation of a measure of spiritual fortitude.

Tongeren, Daryl R. Van; Aten, Jamie D.; McElroy, Stacey E.; Davis, Don E.; Shannonhouse, Laura; Davis, Edward B.; Hook, Joshua N.

doi:10.1037/tra0000449

Cited by 27 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…The SFS‐9 uses a 5‐point Likert scale (ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree ). Two example items are “My faith helps me withstand difficulties” and “I find meaning in adversity through Sacred connections.” Prior studies have supported the SFS‐9's relationships with grit, resilience, meaning in life, and spiritual well‐being (Van Tongeren et al, 2019). In the current study, alphas for SFS‐9 total scores were .89 at T1 and .90 at T2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…We used the 9‐item Spiritual Fortitude Scale (SFS‐9; Van Tongeren et al, 2019) to assess spiritual fortitude. The SFS‐9 uses a 5‐point Likert scale (ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, most extant research on R/S PTG (e.g., Boals et al, 2019; Perera & Frazier, 2013) has assessed R/S using either a measure of religious commitment or the R/S items from the PTGI/PTGI‐SF or C‐PTGI/C‐PTGI‐SF. We will use the R/S items from the PTGI‐SF and C‐PTGI‐SF but will also assess trait‐based facets of religiousness/spirituality that might reasonably change after a disaster: (a) spiritual fortitude (i.e., “a character trait enabling people to endure and make redemptive meaning from adversity through their sacred connections with God, others, and themselves,” Van Tongeren et al, 2019, p. 588), (b) religious motivations/orientations, and (c) religious beliefs about suffering. In so doing, we will test the relationship between perceived R/S PTG (assessed by the R/S items on the PTGI‐SF) and actual R/S PTG (assessed by R/S items of the C‐PTGI‐SF and by measures of spiritual fortitude, religious motivations, and religious beliefs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceived and actual posttraumatic growth in religiousness and spirituality following disasters

Davis

Tongeren

McElroy‐Heltzel

et al. 2019

Journal of Personality

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ObjectiveReligious/spiritual (R/S) growth is a core domain of posttraumatic growth (PTG). However, research on R/S growth following disasters has over‐relied on retrospective self‐reports of growth. We therefore examined longitudinal change in religiousness/spirituality following two disasters.MethodReligious survivors of Hurricanes Harvey (Study 1) and Irma (Study 2) completed measures of perceived R/S PTG, general religiousness/spirituality (“current standing”‐R/S PTG), and subfacets of religiousness/spirituality (spiritual fortitude, religious motivations, and benevolent theodicies). In Study 1, 451 participants responded at 1‐month and 2‐month postdisaster. In Study 2, participants responded within 5‐days predisaster and at 1‐month (N = 1,144) and 6‐months postdisaster (N = 684).ResultsIn both studies, perceived R/S PTG was weakly related to longitudinal increases in general religiousness/spirituality and in most of its subfacets, but reliable growth in any R/S outcome was rare. Additionally, Study 2 revealed evidence that actual change in psychological well‐being is associated with actual (but not perceived) R/S PTG, but disaster survivors tend to exhibit declines in their religiousness/spirituality, spiritual fortitude, and religious motivations.ConclusionsResults suggest disaster survivors are only modestly accurate in perceiving how much positive R/S change they experience following a disaster. We discuss implications for clinical practice, scientific research, and empirical and conceptual work on PTG more broadly.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Perceived and actual posttraumatic growth in religiousness and spirituality following disasters

Davis

Tongeren

McElroy‐Heltzel

et al. 2019

Journal of Personality

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…Counselors seeing clients who view R/S as a primary method for finding meaning in life have the advantage of using tailored R/S interventions (e.g., writing about one’s relationship with God) to help bolster meaning making, as well as develop spiritual fortitude and resiliency (McElroy-Heltzel, Van Tongeren, et al, 2018). Additionally, the concept of spiritual fortitude (e.g., ability to access a spiritual power to bolster their resources and strengthen perseverance) appears to warrant more empirical attention in terms of how people cope with difficulties and hardships (Van Tongeren et al, 2019). For example, future research could focus on how individuals develop spiritual fortitude and what life experiences or factors might impact its development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spiritually Oriented Expressive Writing and Promoting Positive Outcomes After a Natural Disaster

Mosher

Hook

Captari

et al. 2021

The Counseling Psychologist

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Natural disasters can disrupt and challenge survivors’ core belief systems, leading to negative health consequences. People often rely on religion/spirituality to help them cope and make meaning, but to date very few studies have specifically focused on exploring spiritually oriented expressive writing interventions with natural disaster survivors. Therefore, the current longitudinal, mixed-methods study utilized an experimental design with random assignment of 132 survivors of the 2016 Louisiana flooding. Quantitative measures were completed before and after the writing intervention, then at 1-month and 6-month follow-up time points. Results indicated that the spiritually oriented intervention was effective in promoting meaning in life but not life satisfaction. Survivors with lower preintervention positive attitudes toward God evidenced the strongest growth over time regarding meaning in life. Qualitative analyses, using a directed content analysis approach, revealed six themes in the experimental group’s written responses that expanded previous research. Finally, we discuss implications for counseling and future research.

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“…The questionnaire instrument with a Likert scale was used to capture research data including a student ability questionnaire with 6 statement items, a learning facilities questionnaire with 6 (six) statements, a questionnaire for various media applications with 5 (five) statements, a lecturer teaching method instrument with 6 statements, and an instrument. student tenacity level with 6 statements [11]. Data analysis used SEM analysis with warp PLS.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Contributing to Student Fortitude in Distance Learning (Descriptive Study at AKPER Giri Satria Husada Wonogiri)

Purwandari¹,

Nugroho²,

Nugroho³

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the 1st Universitas Kuningan International Conference on Social Science, Environment and Technology, UNiSET 2020

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Education in the current era is facing global challenges that coincide with the socioeconomic crisis around the world due to the spread of covid-19. This pandemic incident caused like or dislike the implementation of education, which originally had to be carried out face-to-face, to be disrupted because it was feared that it would worsen the transmission and pandemic of Covid-19. The online distance learning policy (online) is a logical choice so that learning can still be implemented. This requires students to have basic skills in the use of technology and information platforms in order to access learning from teachers. This research was conducted with the aim of finding out how far the students were fortitude in carrying out distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research is categorized as qualitative research in which data is extracted through a questionnaire to students at Akper Giri Satria Husada Wonogiri. The Likert scale was used to collect data from respondents, totaling 133 students. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques. The results showed that the factors that played a role in student resilience in distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic were included in the good category, whether it was seen from the knowledge of information technology, facilities and infrastructure, the variety of media and applications used, the benefits of the media and IT-based applications, as well as mastery of lecturers in IT.

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Development and validation of a measure of spiritual fortitude.

Cited by 27 publications

References 29 publications

Perceived and actual posttraumatic growth in religiousness and spirituality following disasters

Perceived and actual posttraumatic growth in religiousness and spirituality following disasters

Spiritually Oriented Expressive Writing and Promoting Positive Outcomes After a Natural Disaster

Factors Contributing to Student Fortitude in Distance Learning (Descriptive Study at AKPER Giri Satria Husada Wonogiri)

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