Development and validation of a method for the quantification of extractable perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) in textiles

Veen, I. van der; Weiss, Jana; Hanning, Anne-Charlotte; Boer, Jacob de; Leonards, P.E.G.

doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.021

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Overall, the median ∑ionic PFAS (3.42 ng/g) was up to 10 times lower than the median ∑neutral PFAS concentration (41.9 ng/g). Concentrations of ionic PFAS ranged from 1.22 to 6.45 ng/g and were similar to previous reports. , Long-chain (C11–C15) PFAS were frequently detected, also similar to previous studies. ,,, The C16 homologue was the most abundant ionic PFAS at a median concentration of 1.17 ng/g. PFOS was detected in only 3% of the samples at a median concentration of 0.432 ng/g, while PFOA was found in 67% of the samples at a higher median of 0.614 ng/g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…50,51 Long-chain (C11−C15) PFAS were frequently detected, also similar to previous studies. 5,10,52,53 The C16 homologue was the most abundant ionic PFAS at a median concentration of 1.17 ng/g. PFOS was detected in only 3% of the samples at a median concentration of 0.432 ng/g, while PFOA was found in 67% of the samples at a higher median of 0.614 ng/g.…”

Section: S7mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are Melamine and Its Derivatives the Alternatives for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Fabric Treatments in Infant Clothes?

Zheng

Salamova

2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and melamine (MEL)-based compounds are used in textile finishing as grease, stain, and water repellents. Here, we investigated the occurrence of a large suite of PFAS and MEL compounds in 86 infant clothing items. The ∑MEL concentrations ranged from below the method detection limit to 250,000 ng/g with a median concentration of 78.2 ng/g, significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the ∑PFAS levels (1.22–203 ng/g; median 3.62 ng/g). MEL and its derivatives were most abundant in nylon clothes (median 32,800 ng/g), followed by organic cotton (median 6120 ng/g). In a simulated laundering experiment, the ∑MEL concentrations in clothing decreased on an average by ∼60 and 90% when washed in cool (20 °C) and warm (50 °C) water, respectively. This removal rate increased to 97% when the samples were washed with a detergent. The estimated daily intakes of MEL and PFAS through dermal absorption from nylon clothes were three orders of magnitude higher than those from the non-nylon clothes and decreased by more than half for washed clothes. Our findings demonstrate that MEL-based compounds are abundant in infant clothing and suggest that this group of compounds could be used as potential PFAS replacements in textile finishing.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: S7mentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Melamine and Its Derivatives the Alternatives for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Fabric Treatments in Infant Clothes?

Zheng

Salamova

2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…We performed a methanol extraction on products following a method modified from prior work. , Methanol is commonly used for consumer product extractions ,,, and is optimal for extracting the anionic compounds quantified with LC-MS/MS (see analyte list below). PFAS analysis was performed using an Agilent (Santa Clara, CA, U.S.A.) 6460 triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization in negative ion mode, as described elsewhere, with modifications detailed in the Supporting Information (SI).…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Do We Measure Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) at the Surface of Consumer Products?

Tokranov

Nishizawa

Amadei

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Exposures to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been linked to metabolic disruption, immunotoxicity, and cancer in humans. PFASs are known to be present in diverse consumer products including textiles and food packaging. Here, we present a new method for quantifying the atomic percent fluorine (% F) in the surficial 0.01 μm of consumer products using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface of food contact materials and textiles measured in this study contained up to 28% F and 45% F, respectively. PTFE tape was measured to demonstrate XPS accuracy and precision. Depth profiles of fluorine content in consumer products measured using XPS showed the highest levels at the upper-most surface in contact with the surrounding environment and a decrease below the surface. PFASs released in methanol extracts and quantified using traditional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry typically accounted for <1% of the fluorine measured with XPS in consumer products. We conclude that XPS is a useful technique for characterizing PFASs in consumer products because it can precisely quantify the surficial fluorine content of materials. XPS also allows identification of CF2 and CF3 groups in materials and can elucidate the depth-dependent distribution of fluorine in products.

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“…■ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Concentrations for volatile PFAS (Table S8) and ionic PFAS (Table S8) are reported in units of μg/m 2 (individual PFAS) in order to facilitate comparison of the data obtained in this study to that of others. 45,55 In order to compare the concentrations of individual PFASs and precursors to that determined by PIGE, all units are reported in units of nmol F/cm 2 (Table 1).…”

Section: Environmental Science and Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Closing the Mass Balance on Fluorine on Papers and Textiles

Robel

Marshall

Dickinson³

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

128

146

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Papers and textiles that are treated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are sources of human and environmental exposure. Data for individual PFASs, such as perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), are not placed into the context of total fluorine for papers and textiles. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to quantify volatile and ionic PFASs, respectively, and the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay was used to quantify precursors that form perfluoroalkyl carboxylates. Molar sums of PFASs obtained by GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, and precursors were compared to total fluorine (nmol F/cm) determined by particle-induced gamma ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy, measured before and after extraction. Volatile and ionic PFASs and unknown precursors accounted for 0-2.2%, 0-0.41%, and 0.021-14%, respectively, of the total nmol F/cm determined by PIGE. After extraction, papers and textiles retained 64 ± 28% to 110 ± 30% of the original nmol F/cm as determined by PIGE, indicating that the majority of fluorine remains associated with the papers and textiles. The sum of PFASs in the volatile, ionic, and precursor fraction, and total fluorine after extraction indicate that mass balance was achieved (within analytical error) of the initial total fluorine measured by PIGE.

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Development and validation of a method for the quantification of extractable perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) in textiles

Cited by 22 publications

References 24 publications

Are Melamine and Its Derivatives the Alternatives for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Fabric Treatments in Infant Clothes?

Are Melamine and Its Derivatives the Alternatives for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Fabric Treatments in Infant Clothes?

How Do We Measure Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) at the Surface of Consumer Products?

Closing the Mass Balance on Fluorine on Papers and Textiles

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