Development and Utilization of a Bit-Based Data-Acquisition System in Hard-Rock PDC Applications

Abstract

Drill bits are iteratively developed for specific applications to meet performance objectives such as aggressiveness, durability, stability, steerability, etc. The transition from one iteration to the next occurs when dull bits are examined, run data is analyzed and the inferences are implemented as revisions to the bit design and/or the operating parameters. Experience has shown that the efficiency of the process depends strongly upon the appropriateness and significance of the data collected. If, for example, a dominant cutter failure mechanism is incorrectly characterized as abrasive wear and is, in fact, impact wear, then the proposed solution and the development time will both be significantly affected. One method for improving the significance of the data collected is to implement a special-purpose data-acquisition system within the bit. Such a device has at least three significant advantages over available sub-based data acquisition systems:its bit-based sensors will more accurately detect bit-based events,it can be economically deployed over many bits andit is relatively transparent to the user. The paper describes an effort to develop, validate, and utilize a bit-based module designed to monitor accelerometer and magnetometer sensors and to record selected data. The authors also describe the effort to infer dynamic dysfunction(s) from the data in the fast-growing hard rock PDC bit application and to mitigate them via modifications to drilling parameters and bit designs. Background Rotary rock bits are developed iteratively. Typically, the process begins when a performance deficiency is observed in the field. During an investigation phase, dull bits and associated run data are examined under the performance objective. Performance objectives are usually tailored for particular applications and stated in terms such as aggressiveness, durability, stability, steerability, etc. During a proposal phase, a hypothesis is formed in an attempt to explain the deficiency in terms of bit design and / or operating parameters and a solution is proposed. During the test phase, the proposed solution is incorporated into either test bits or into operating practices and then evaluated. If the proposed solution is justified, the process ends and insight is gained; otherwise and more commonly, the next iteration is started. Experience has shown that the efficiency of the development process is strongly dependent on the appropriateness and significance of the data collected during the investigation phase. If, for example, a dominant cutter failure mechanism is incorrectly characterized as abrasive wear and is, in fact, impact wear, then the proposed solution and the development time will both be significantly affected. Representative nearbit dynamic data are needed to directly support drill bit and drilling parameter development programs. Indirectly, the data are also needed to validate laboratory simulation tests and software. There is a long history of researchers trying to understand down-hole dynamic dysfunctions. In the 1960s, Esso Research reported accelerations measured down-hole. Since then, the development of data-acquisition tools and interpretation techniques has continued unabated1–19. Now, dynamic dysfunction data is collected down-hole using measurement-while drilling (MWD) systems and transmitted to the rig floor in near real time2–6. In fact, recently, some of the tools have become available as stand-alone subs to address those applications in which a complete MWD system could not be justified7–9. Even so, the tools have at least three limitations when characterizing bit behavior is the objective:the cost can be prohibitive which can preclude the use of a tool even when dynamic dysfunction is suspected,the data-acquisition tool may be removed from the bit by as much as 10 - 100 feet and therefore, the data collected may not necessarily represent the conditions at the bit andthe subbased tools alter the bottom-hole assembly.

A Method for the Design and Optimization of Nonlinear Tuned Damping Concepts to Mitigate Self-Excited Drill String Vibrations Using Multiple Scales Lindstedt-Poincaré

“…Section 4.1 shows that the analytical solutions derived using MSLP correspond well with the numerical simulations of the single degree of freedom system in Equation 9(respectively, Equations (10) and (11)). In the following, the analytical solutions derived using MSLP are transferred to self-excited drill string vibrations using the equivalent damping ratio and discuss using time domain simulations based on Equation (5).…”

“…It has been shown that, for the torsional dynamic of the drill string, the energy input can be modeled using a nonlinear torque characteristic at the bit [8]. Due to improved and new measuring tools, high-frequency oscillations have been identified as the cause of numerous drill string failures and have been intensively investigated over the last years with studies [9,10], simulations [8,11] and experiments [12,13]. Especially drilling in hard and dense formations leads to highfrequency torsional oscillations (HFTO) with frequencies between 50 Hz and 500 Hz [14,15].…”

A Review of the Research and Development of High‐Frequency Measurement Technologies Used for Nonlinear Dynamics of Drillstring

“…Based on field downhole data, Warren and Oster [64] proposed that a wide range of PDC bits sustain the torsional resonance, which is probably the cause of rapid damage in certain hard rocks because the stress state of cutters transferred from compression to tension after rotation reverse, but this postulation was not been proven due to inadequate sensitive of downhole sensors. By using an integrated dynamic-behavior sensor with high-frequency sample rate (250 Hz), HFTO ranging from 40 Hz to 90 Hz and beyond has been observed by Pastusek et al [65], and it seems to be common when drilling hard rocks with PDC bits. Figure 15 shows a 5-second burst data that captured the transition from low state to severe state of HFTO, and this sudden appearance of vibration mode suggests that it is driven by formation and/or operating environment changes but not the result of gradual dulling of bits.…”