Development and Testing of Seven New Synthetic Coyote Attractants

Kimball, Bruce A.; Mason, J. Russell; Blom, F. Sherman; Johnston, John J.; Zemlicka, Doris E.

doi:10.1021/jf990648z

Cited by 19 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…Briefly, experimental groups (2011: n = 4; 2013: n = 4) received the odor cues four times over a 20‐day period, whereas control pairs (2011: n = 4; 2013: n = 4) received water as a delivery control (Schell et al, ). Our initial study did not have an outgroup odor; however, previous studies indicate that coyote behavioral responses toward other chemical attractants are characteristically similar to the behavioral responses we observed in our previous work (Kimball, Johnston, Mason, Zemlicka, & Blom, ; Kimball, Mason, Blom, Johnston, & Zemlicka, ; Schell et al, ; Shivik, Wilson, & Gilbert‐Norton, ). We did not find a statistical effect of our odor manipulation on subsequent parenting behavior (Schell et al, ) or prolonged hormonal effects (Schell et al, ).…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 78%

Parental habituation to human disturbance over time reduces fear of humans in coyote offspring

Schell

Young

Lonsdorf

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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A fundamental tenet of maternal effects assumes that maternal variance over time should have discordant consequences for offspring traits across litters. Yet, seldom are parents observed across multiple reproductive bouts, with few studies considering anthropogenic disturbances as an ecological driver of maternal effects. We observed captive coyote (Canis latrans) pairs over two successive litters to determine whether among‐litter differences in behavior (i.e., risk‐taking) and hormones (i.e., cortisol and testosterone) corresponded with parental plasticity in habituation. Thus, we explicitly test the hypothesis that accumulating experiences of anthropogenic disturbance reduces parental fear across reproductive bouts, which should have disparate phenotypic consequences for first‐ and second‐litter offspring. To quantify risk‐taking behavior, we used foraging assays from 5–15 weeks of age with a human observer present as a proxy for human disturbance. At 5, 10, and 15 weeks of age, we collected shaved hair to quantify pup hormone levels. We then used a quantitative genetic approach to estimate heritability, repeatability, and between‐trait correlations. We found that parents were riskier (i.e., foraged more frequently) with their second versus first litters, supporting our prediction that parents become increasingly habituated over time. Second‐litter pups were also less risk‐averse than their first‐litter siblings. Heritability for all traits did not differ from zero (0.001–0.018); however, we found moderate support for repeatability in all observed traits (r = 0.085–0.421). Lastly, we found evidence of positive phenotypic and cohort correlations among pup traits, implying that cohort identity (i.e., common environment) contributes to the development of phenotypic syndromes in coyote pups. Our results suggest that parental habituation may be an ecological cue for offspring to reduce their fear response, thus emphasizing the role of parental plasticity in shaping their pups’ behavioral and hormonal responses toward humans.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 78%

Parental habituation to human disturbance over time reduces fear of humans in coyote offspring

Schell

Young

Lonsdorf

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Novel odors elicit both rub-rolling and scent-marking in carnivores (Kleiman 1966, Reiger 1979, Scrivner et al 1987, Phillips et al 1990, Kimball et al 2000. The proportion of coyotes exhibiting rub-rolling and scent-marking following removal of treatments was similar between large and small cones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phillips et al (1990) and Windberg (1996) found no differences between genders when testing responses of individual coyotes to novel visual and olfactory stimuli. However, Kimball et al (2000) tested male-female pairs of coyotes and found females were often first to approach and spent longer periods interacting with novel olfactory attractants, which suggests that the presence of a mate may influence individual coyote responses to novel stimuli, and hence, potentially influence response to the removal of a novel object. Because previous studies have not compared responses to novelty by solitary individuals and individuals in mated pairs, we also evaluated the effect of these variables on responses of coyotes to novel objects and their removal.…”

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confidence: 99%

Coyote Investigative Behavior Following Removal of Novel Stimuli

2007

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Because coyotes (Canis latrans) show an aversion to novel objects, we examined the effects of the presence and removal of repellent and attractive stimuli on coyote behavior. We found a greater proportion of captive coyotes investigated 10‐cm‐tall cones (0.95) compared to 90‐cm‐tall cones (0.68) and control sites (0.81), and spent longer periods (P < 0.001 in all instances) investigating small cones (x̄ = 465 sec), compared to large cones (x̄ = 212 sec) and control sites (x̄ = 45 sec). However, investigation times at sites following removal of large cones were 1.6 and 2.3 times greater than investigation times at sites following removal of small cones and the control, respectively. Results from pen studies were supported by a field study. Wild coyotes in south Texas visited 43% of small cones but did not visit large cones. Following removal of cones, visits to small cone stations decreased to 29%, whereas coyotes visited 43% of large cone stations. Thus, we observed a direct relationship between aversion toward large novel objects and subsequent attraction to sites following their removal among both captive and wild coyotes. Based upon our results, we suggest that placing large novel objects over traps that are set and removing such objects after a few days, with the subsequent addition of an olfactory attractant, may increase exploratory behavior and capture of coyotes.

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“…The response evoked by each lure generally depends on whether it is sexual or gustatory in nature. Synthetic canid lures, such as those identified by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, can offer an effective and relatively consistent tool in evoking a required response, such as visitation to a trap or bait station (Kimball et al 2000). Recent pen trials undertaken by Pestat Ltd (www.pestat.com.au) on captive red foxes showed that one synthetic lure in particular, synthetic fermented egg (Bullard et al 1978), was a particularly powerful fox attractant (Figure 1).…”

Section: Aerosolized Synthetic Luresmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Impact of Sheep Predators in Australia and New Control Methods Under Development

Lapidge¹,

Dall²,

Hunt³

et al. 2006

vertebrate_pest_conference

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The economic impact of introduced predators, principally wild dogs, foxes, and feral pigs, on agriculture in Australia varies across space and time but is estimated to be in excess of US$120 million annually. Australian farmers and the government spend a further US$30 million annually attempting to manage the predation and disease impacts of introduced predators on stock and wildlife. The principal chemical tool used to control each of these species is sodium fluoroacetate ('1080'). Issues relating to target-specificity and perceived inhumaneness of the toxin have led to heavily restricted use of the compound in the U.S. and a recent registration review in Australia. Three current proactive research projects are addressing this issue. The first is investigating a chemical, p-aminopropiophenone or PAPP, that appears to be selectively toxic for introduced carnivores, as well as rapid acting and relatively humane in its mode of action. The compound acts by interfering with oxygen transport in the blood of foxes and wild dogs, resulting in an effect similar to carbon monoxide poisoning. The second project involves testing and commercializing powerful fox, wild dog, and feral pig attractants that may help increase the efficacy and target-specificity of control programs. The first product from this project is FeralMone ® , an aerosolized formulation of synthetic fermented egg that is highly attractive to canids. The third project has involved developing a manufactured target-specific feral pig bait package, PIGOUT ® . Initial research has focused on the delivery vehicle that contains sodium fluoracetate centralized in an internal core, whilst current research is developing a recently identified humane alternative feral pig control agent. This paper will report on the economic impact of introduced predators in Australia, the recent Australian sodium fluoroacetate review recommendations, as well as summaries of current research into new predator control tools.

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Development and Testing of Seven New Synthetic Coyote Attractants

Cited by 19 publications

References 8 publications

Parental habituation to human disturbance over time reduces fear of humans in coyote offspring

Parental habituation to human disturbance over time reduces fear of humans in coyote offspring

Coyote Investigative Behavior Following Removal of Novel Stimuli

A Review of the Impact of Sheep Predators in Australia and New Control Methods Under Development

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