“…Four themes to be discussed are: (1) how manufacturing flaws, e.g., flaw in joining, affect the thermal performance of a PFC, (2) the related and important roles of non-destructive evaluation and analyses of the impacts of these flaws, (3) shortcomings and developments in the thermal-hydraulic data base, and (4) the need for monitoring during the operation of actively-cooled PFCs to confirm safe operation.…”