Development and science perspectives of the POLAR-2 instrument: a large scale GRB polarimeter

Angelis, Nicolas De; Burgess, J.; Cadoux, F.; Greiner, J.; Hulsman, J.; Kole, Merlin; Li, H.C.; Mianowski, Slawomir; Pollo, A.; Produit, N.; Rybka, D.; Stauffer, J.; Sun, Jianchao; Wu, B. B.; Wu, X.; Zhang, S.N.

doi:10.22323/1.395.0580

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Second, using SiPMs (instead of PMTs) removes the need for a high voltage power Fig. 1 a) A preliminary CAD model of POLAR-2 and b) the polarimeter module [8]. c) A schematic of a photon scattering between two scintillator bars.…”

Section: Instrument Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proton irradiation of SiPM arrays for POLAR-2

et al. 2022

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POLAR-2 is a space-borne polarimeter, built to investigate the polarization of Gamma-Ray Bursts and help elucidate their mechanisms. The instrument is targeted for launch in 2024 or 2025 aboard the China Space Station and is being developed by a collaboration between institutes from Switzerland, Germany, Poland and China. The instrument will orbit at altitudes between 340km and 450km with an inclination of $${42}{^{\circ }}$$ 42 ∘ and will be subjected to background radiation from cosmic rays and solar events. It is therefore pertinent to better understand the performance of sensitive devices under space-like conditions. In this paper we focus on the radiation damage of the silicon photomultiplier arrays S13361-6075NE-04 and S14161-6050HS-04 from Hamamatsu. The S13361 are irradiated with 58MeV protons at several doses up to 4.96Gy, whereas the newer series S14161 are irradiated at doses of 0.254Gy and 2.31Gy. Their respective performance degradation due to radiation damage are discussed. The equivalent exposure time in space for silicon photomultipliers inside POLAR-2 with a dose of 4.96Gy is 62.9years (or 1.78years when disregarding the shielding from the instrument). Primary characteristics of the I-V curves are an increase in the dark current and dark counts, mostly through cross-talk events. Annealing processes at $${25}{^{\circ }C}$$ 25 ∘ C were observed but not studied in further detail. Biasing channels while being irradiated have not resulted in any significant impact. Activation analyses showed a dominant contribution of $$\beta ^{+}$$ β + particles around 511 keV. These resulted primarily from copper and carbon, mostly with decay times shorter than the orbital period.

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Section: Instrument Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Benefits of gamma-ray polarization studies have spawned numerous polarimetry missions [3][4][5][6], the most dedicated of which are GAP (50-300keV) [3] and POLAR (50-500keV) [7], which is the predecessor to POLAR-2 [8]. Extensive polarization analyses by POLAR are discussed in their catalogue paper [9].…”

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Proton irradiation of SiPM arrays for POLAR-2

et al. 2022

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“…The scientific benefits through polarization measurements have spawned numerous polarimetry missions [3][4][5][6], the most dedicated of which are GAP (50-300 keV) [3] and POLAR (50-500 keV) [7]. The latter of which is the predecessor to POLAR-2 [8]. Extensive polarization analyses by POLAR are discussed in their catalogue paper [9].…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This allows us to conclude, that our assumption about basic SiPM(+PCB) element composition is correct and we can accurately modeling the setup. POLAR-2 will orbit with a period of 90 min, frequently passing through the SAA 8 . From the figures 26a and 26b we see that most elements have already decayed, reducing the count number by at least one order of magnitude.…”

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confidence: 99%

Proton Irradiation of SiPM arrays for POLAR-2

Mianowski

Angelis

Hulsman

et al. 2022

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POLAR-2 is a space-borne polarimeter, built to investigate the polarization of Gamma-Ray Bursts and help elucidate their mechanisms. The instrument is targeted for launch in 2024 or 2025 aboard the China Space Station and is being developed by a collaboration between institutes from Switzerland, Germany, Poland and China. The instrument will orbit at an altitude of approximately 300 km with an inclination of 42o and will be subjected to background radiation from cosmic rays and solar events. It is therefore pertinent to better understand the performance of sensitive devices under space-like conditions. Proton Irradiation of SiPM arrays for POLAR-2 In this paper we focus on the radiation damage of the silicon photo-multiplier arrays S13361-6075NE-04 and S14161-6050HS-04 from Hama-matsu. The S13361 are irradiated with 58 MeV protons at several doses up to 4.96 Gy, whereas the newer series S14161 are irradiated at doses of 0.254 Gy and 2.31 Gy. Their respective performance degradation due to radiation damage are discussed. The equivalent exposure time in space for silicon photomultipliers inside POLAR-2 with a dose of 4.96 Gy is 78.1 years (or 5.04 years when disregarding the shielding from the instrument). Primary characteristics of the I-V curves are an increase in the dark current and dark counts, mostly through cross-talk events. Annealing processes at 25C were observed but not studied in further detail. Biasing channels while being irradiated have not resulted in any significant impact. Activation analyses showed a dominant contribution of β + particles around 511 keV. These resulted primarily from copper and carbon, mostly with decay times shorter than the orbital period.

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“…Small(ish) missions include BurstCube [55], Crystal Eye and Pathfinder [56], HEPD-02 [57], POLAR-2 [58], GRAINE [59], and MeV Cube [60]…”

Section: Small(ish) Missionsmentioning

confidence: 99%