Development and Psychometric Validation of the Lincoln Canine Anxiety Scale

Mills, Daniel S.; Mueller, Heiko; McPeake, Kevin; Engel, Odilo

doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00171

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Importantly, the observed behavioural differences shown during fireworks as compared to the control night are consistent with behavioural signs reported previously for noise fears in dogs, providing external validation to scales to assess noise fears in dogs where these behavioural signs are included (e.g. 73 ) and strengthening the assumption that the measured behaviours are indeed fear-related.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Fear expressions of dogs during New Year fireworks: a video analysis

Gähwiler

Bremhorst

Tóth

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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A high proportion of pet dogs show fear-related behavioural problems, with noise fears being most prevalent. Nonetheless, few studies have objectively evaluated fear expression in this species. Using owner-provided video recordings, we coded behavioural expressions of pet dogs during a real-life firework situation at New Year’s Eve and compared them to behaviour of the same dogs on a different evening without fireworks (control condition), using Wilcoxon signed ranks tests. A backwards-directed ear position, measured at the base of the ear, was most strongly associated with the fireworks condition (effect size: Cohen’s d = 0.69). Durations of locomotion (d = 0.54) and panting (d = 0.45) were also higher during fireworks than during the control condition. Vocalisations (d = 0.40), blinking (d = 0.37), and hiding (d = 0.37) were increased during fireworks, but this was not significant after sequential Bonferroni correction. This could possibly be attributed to the high inter-individual variability in the frequency of blinking and the majority of subjects not vocalising or hiding at all. Thus, individual differences must be taken into account when aiming to assess an individual’s level of fear, as relevant measures may not be the same for all individuals. Firework exposure was not associated with an elevated rate of other so-called ‘stress signals’, lip licking and yawning.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Fear expressions of dogs during New Year fireworks: a video analysis

Gähwiler

Bremhorst

Tóth

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Another possibility would be to determine the correlation between the CABIAS percentage change from baseline when a product is applied and an “overall assessment of efficacy” by both a clinician and caregiver, similar to the approach taken in the CADESI validation [ 23 ]. This methodology closely resembles the evaluation of effectiveness employed recently in clinical trials [ 24 , 25 ]. Consequently, it could be regarded as a subjective yet pertinent “gold standard” measure of treatment efficacy widely accepted in the field of veterinary behaviour.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Cat Behaviour Issues Assessment Scale (CABIAS) Assessing Problem Behaviours in Cats

McPeake,

Sparkes,

Billy

et al. 2023

Animals

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Problem behaviours in cats, such as urine marking, scratching, fear, and problems of cohabitation between cats, can present a potential welfare problem for those affected cats and have a negative impact on the human–animal bond. The aim of this study was to develop a Cat Behaviour Issues Assessment Scale (CABIAS) for caregivers to assess these common problem behaviours in cats, and to investigate aspects of the validity and reliability of the CABIAS. The CABIAS uses an index score as a scoring system combining aspects of the frequency and intensity of the problem behaviour. An electronic survey was developed, and 384 households, each with two participants able to observe the cat’s behaviour, were recruited for the study. The participants were asked to record their cat’s behaviour independently at weekly intervals over a 6-week period. A FELIWAY Optimum diffuser (containing a commercial feline pheromone complex) was provided to half of the participants, to be used during part of the study. The participants were subdivided into four groups according to whether a problem behaviour was present (or not) and whether the pheromone diffuser was provided (or not). The results demonstrated that the index scores for each problem behaviour had very high inter-rater reliability. There was a high correlation between the index scores and the impact the problem behaviours had on the caregivers. In those cats with a declared problem behaviour where the product was used, a reduction in index scores was observed over the duration of the study. The CABIAS was shown to exhibit satisfactory validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change in the current study, suggesting that it may be valuable as a tool for assessing and monitoring scratching, inter-cat cohabitation, urine marking, and fear in cats. The CABIAS could be used by veterinarians and behaviourists to assess these problem behaviours in individual cats and monitor responses to treatment. The CABIAS could also be considered as a research tool to assess the efficacy of interventions aimed at improving these problems.

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“…This process was utilized for both the pre‐ and post‐trazodone assessments. The Grint Sedation Scale 16 (as previously validated 17 ) and the Lincoln Canine Anxiety Scale (as previously validated 18 ) were used for sedation and anxiety assessment, respectively. Immediately after these assessments, each dog was given a single standardized dose of trazodone (between 6.25 and 8.60 mg/kg) PO.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of trazodone administration on the neurologic examination in healthy dogs

Lueck

Cameron

Zidan

2022

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background Trazodone is an anxiolytic used PO to decrease anxiety in dogs. Whether or not trazodone affects the neurologic examination in dogs has not been previously reported. Objective Investigate whether trazodone administration is associated with changes in the neurologic examination in healthy dogs. Animals Thirty‐two healthy dogs between 1 and 6 years old with no previously diagnosed medical conditions and perceived by their owners as neurologically normal. Methods Baseline sedation and anxiety assessments and neurologic examination were performed on each dog, followed by trazodone administration (6.25‐8.60 mg/kg PO). The sedation and anxiety assessments and neurologic examination were repeated 2.5 hours after trazodone administration. The examinations were performed by a single board‐certified veterinary neurologist and were video‐recorded. The videos were randomized and reviewed by a different neurologist, blinded to the previous evaluations, who scored the examinations. Results Seven of 32 (22%) dogs had worse scores on their neurologic examination after receiving trazodone, manifesting as new or progressive PR deficits. Although not clinically relevant, 18.7% of the dogs had consciousness levels that changed from bright, alert, responsive to quiet, alert, responsive after trazodone administration. No other changes were observed on neurologic examination. Sedation and anxiety scores were significantly different after trazodone administration compared to before (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Most dogs did not have changes on neurologic examination after trazodone administration. However, approximately 20% of dogs had new or worsening PR deficits after receiving trazodone. Ideally, trazodone should not be given before neurologic examination in dogs.

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Development and Psychometric Validation of the Lincoln Canine Anxiety Scale

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

Fear expressions of dogs during New Year fireworks: a video analysis

Fear expressions of dogs during New Year fireworks: a video analysis

Development of a Cat Behaviour Issues Assessment Scale (CABIAS) Assessing Problem Behaviours in Cats

Effects of trazodone administration on the neurologic examination in healthy dogs

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