Development and Psychometric Properties of the Synthetic Drug Dependence Scale in a Chinese Sample

Abstract

Objective: In contrast to the drug situation in the rest of the world, synthetic drugs, rather than traditional drugs, have been the dominant abused drugs in China since 2019. However, the public misconception that synthetic drugs are not as addictive as traditional drugs, such as opioids and the scarcity of specific measurement instruments, have hindered the clinical diagnosis and treatment of synthetic drug abusers, thus the development of a localized instrument to evaluate dependence on synthetic drugs is in urgently needed.Method: Using a sample of 618 Chinese synthetic drug abusers (Mean age = 34.69 years; 44.17% female), the present study developed and examined the psychometric properties of a self-reporting instrument, the Synthetic Drug Dependence Scale (SDDS), which consists of four subscales: physical dependence, psychological dependence, health injury, and social function injury.Results: The SDDS revealed a three-factor model structure (weighted root mean square residual (WRMR) = 0.876, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.965, Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = 0.953, and Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.070), with good internal consistency (composite reliability = 0.912, alfa = 0.801) and convergent validity. Elevated scores on the SDDS were associated with a higher level of reward sensitivity, punishment sensitivity, and stronger impulsivity. Interestingly, psychological dependence was the only significant predictor (p < 0.05) of criterion variables compared with the other three subscales, implying the important role of psychological factors in synthetic drugs dependence. Adequate measurement equivalence across sex, age (18–30 and 31–57 years old), and employment group (employed and unemployed) was also established.Conclusion: The SDDS appears to be an effective and reliable instrument that could be used to further investigate the characteristics of synthetic and traditional drug dependence, promoting a deeper understanding of the physical and psychological roles in drug dependence.

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward questionnaire-revised and its psychometric evaluation among Chinese person with substance use disorder

“…The SDDS was developed by Li et al ( 2021 ) to measure drug dependence among drug users. It consists of 11 items with each scored on a four-point scale, and the severity of drug dependence is evaluated by summarizing items scores, with higher total scores indicating a greater degree of drug dependence.…”

“…It consists of 11 items with each scored on a four-point scale, and the severity of drug dependence is evaluated by summarizing items scores, with higher total scores indicating a greater degree of drug dependence. The scale has been shown to have good reliability and validity among Chinese person with substance use disorder (Li et al, 2021 ). In the current study, the Cronbach's α of the total SDDS scale in Sample 2 was 0.801.…”

“…Based on the above studies, the BIS/BAS self-report scale measures reinforcement sensitivity, the present study used the BIA/BAS to evaluate the convergent validity of the SPSRQ. In addition, drug abuse and impulsivity are uniquely associated with reinforcement sensitivity, so the Drug Dependence Scale [SDDS; (Li et al, 2021 )] and the Impulsive Behavior Scale [S-UPPS-P; (Cyders et al, 2014 )] were chosen to test the discriminant validity of the SPSRQ.…”