Development and psychometric evaluation of the Benzodiazepine Craving Questionnaire

Mol, A.J.J.; Voshaar, Richard C. Oude; Gorgels, W.J.M.J.; Breteler, M.H.M.; Balkom, A.J.L.M. van; Lisdonk, E.H. van de; Ven, A.H.G.S. van der; Zitman, Frans G.

doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00428.x

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Some reports also suggest a uni-dimensional approach may still be more appropriate (Bohn et al, 1995;Drummond and Phillips, 2002;Mol et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Development and initial validation of a caffeine craving questionnaire

West

Roderique‐Davies

2007

J Psychopharmacol

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Craving for caffeine has received little empirical attention, despite considerable research into the potential for caffeine dependence. The main aim of this study was to develop, and initially validate, a multi-item, multidimensional instrument to measure cravings for caffeine. Participants were 189 caffeine consumers who completed the Questionnaire of Caffeine Cravings, which was based on the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU), in one of five naturally occurring periods of abstinence; 1-15 min; 16-120 mins; 3-7 h; 12-48 h and +48 h. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a three-factor solution best described the data; Factor 1 reflected strong desires, intentions and positive reinforcement; Factor 2 reflected mild/general positive and negative reinforcement and Factor 3 reflected functional/mood-based negative reinforcement. Significantly higher Factor 1 and Factor 2 scores were recorded for high frequency users; significantly higher Factor 1 and Factor 3 scores were recorded as a function of increased levels of dependence. Duration of abstinence did not significantly effect cravings across all three factors. Regression analyses suggested level of dependence best predicted both current cravings and frequency of daily use. These findings suggest caffeine cravings may be conceptualized multidimensionally and further validates the use of multidimensional, multi-item instruments. Cravings for caffeine may manifest and be detected across varying levels of dependence and, frequency of use and independently of duration of abstinence.

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“…Some reports also suggest a uni-dimensional approach may still be more appropriate (Bohn et al, 1995;Drummond and Phillips, 2002;Mol et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Development and initial validation of a caffeine craving questionnaire

West

Roderique‐Davies

2007

J Psychopharmacol

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“…In zahlreichen wei− teren Publikationen, teils auf Basis übersetzter Versionen [10±12], konnte die Messgüte [13] und der prädiktive Wert [14] gens nach Alkohol wie der Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ) [15] oder der Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (ACQ) [16]. Für die Erfassung von Craving nach anderen einzelnen Suchtmitteln existieren ebenfalls etablierte Instrumente wie der Questionnai− re for Smoking Urges (QSU) [17,18] oder die Benzodiazepine Cra− ving Questionnaire (BCQ) [19]. Gemeinsam ist diesen Verfahren, dass sie substanzspezifisch sind.…”

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Entwicklung und Validierung eines Instrumentes zur substanzunabhängigen Erfassung von Craving: Die Mannheimer Craving Scale (MaCS)

et al. 2008

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“…The primary variable of interest, benzodiazepine craving, was assessed by means of the Benzodiazepine Craving Questionnaire (BCQ), developed by our research group. 6 The BCQ is a unidimensional 20-item self-report questionnaire with good psychometric properties to assess benzodiazepine craving according to the patients' current experience. Sum scores can range from 0 to 20.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Recently, the concept of craving for benzodiazepines has been examined within a benzodiazepine discontinuation project, 4,5 which has resulted in the development of the Benzodiazepine Craving Questionnaire (BCQ). 6 Up till now, benzodiazepine craving has never been examined prospectively in relation to benzodiazepine relapse after successful benzodiazepine discontinuation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Craving in Relapse After Discontinuation of Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use

Mol

Voshaar

Gorgels

et al. 2007

J. Clin. Psychiatry

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Objective-Craving for benzodiazepines has never been examined as a factor of relapse after successful benzodiazepine discontinuation. In this study, we examined the predictive value of craving on benzodiazepine relapse. Methods-A stepped-care intervention trial aimed to discontinue long-term benzodiazepine use in general practice. The first step was the sending of a letter to users with the advice to gradually quit their use by themselves (i.e. minimal intervention). The second step, a supervised tapering off programme, was offered to those unable to discontinue by themselves. Craving was assessed by means of the Benzodiazepine Craving Questionnaire (BCQ). Multiple Cox-regression analyses were performed to examine the effect of craving on subsequent relapse during a 15-month follow-up period in patients who had successfully quit their benzodiazepine use by themselves after the minimal intervention (n = 79) and in those patients who had successfully quit after the supervised tapering off programme n = 45). Data were collected from August 1998 to December 2001. Results-Thirty-five (44%) and 24 (53%) patients had relapsed after the minimal intervention and tapering off programme, respectively. Patients able to quit by themselves hardly experienced any craving. In this sample, craving was not related to relapse (p = 0.82). In patients who needed an additional supervised tapering off programme, higher craving scores were significantly related to relapse (HR = 1.26 [95% CI: 1.02-1.54], p = 0.029), when corrected for benzodiazepine characteristics, psychopathology and personality characteristics. Conclusion-Craving is an independent factor of subsequent relapse after successful benzodiazepine discontinuation in long-term benzodiazepine users who are not able to quit their usage of their own accord.

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Development and psychometric evaluation of the Benzodiazepine Craving Questionnaire

Abstract: The BCQ proved to be a reliable and psychometrically sound self-report instrument to assess BZ craving in a general practice sample of long-term BZ users.

Cited by 17 publications

References 35 publications

Development and initial validation of a caffeine craving questionnaire

Development and initial validation of a caffeine craving questionnaire

Entwicklung und Validierung eines Instrumentes zur substanzunabhängigen Erfassung von Craving: Die Mannheimer Craving Scale (MaCS)

The Role of Craving in Relapse After Discontinuation of Long-Term Benzodiazepine Use

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